{ "id": "brazil", "url": "https://coffearium.org/entries/brazil/", "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "title": "Brazil", "summary": "The largest coffee producer, growing both arabica and conilon (robusta) on plateaus and hills from Paraná to Rondônia, harvested from April to September and shipped mainly through Santos.", "domain": "origin", "kind": "Region", "stage": "farm", "topics": [ "history" ], "topicSections": {}, "lang": "en", "status": "verified", "reviewer": "Coffearium verification pass", "lastVerified": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z", "literatureSearched": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z", "updated": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z", "added": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z", "brief": [ "Brazil was the largest producer in 2025/26, with 63.0 of the world’s 178.8 million 60-kg bags, by the count of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA).1", "In the 2025 crop, arabica made up 63.3% and conilon (robusta) 36.7% of 56.5 million bags, by the count of the national supply company Conab (our calculation).5", "Minas Gerais grew 45.6% of the 2025 crop and Espírito Santo 30.9%, most of it conilon (Conab; our calculation).5,6", "In 2025/26, robusta picking began in April and arabica in May; USDA expected the harvest to end by September.4", "The national industrial property institute (INPI) lists 9 coffee denominations of origin and at least 11 coffee indications of source (October 2026).10,11,12" ], "quickFacts": [ { "label": "Production (USDA)", "value": "63.0 million 60-kg bags (2025/26); 71.9 million forecast (2026/27)" }, { "label": "Production (Conab)", "value": "56.5 million bags (2025 crop); 67.6 million estimated (2026, September survey)" }, { "label": "Share of world output", "value": "35.2% (USDA, 2025/26) · 30.4% (FAO, 2024), our calculation" }, { "label": "Species", "value": "Arabica 63.3%, conilon 36.7% (Conab, 2025 crop; our calculation)" }, { "label": "Main states", "value": "Minas Gerais 45.6%, Espírito Santo 30.9%, São Paulo 8.4%, Bahia 7.8%, Rondônia 4.1% (Conab, 2025; our calculation)" }, { "label": "Area in production", "value": "1,858,693.5 ha (Conab, 2025 crop)" }, { "label": "Establishments", "value": "About 264,000 producing coffee (IBGE census, 2017)" }, { "label": "Harvest", "value": "Robusta from April, arabica from May, expected to end by September (USDA, 2025/26)" }, { "label": "Main port", "value": "Santos (Cecafé)" }, { "label": "Domestic consumption", "value": "22.3 million bags (USDA, 2025/26), second only to the United States among single countries" } ], "aka": [ "Brazilian coffee", "Brasil" ], "linkTerms": [ "Brazilian coffee", "Cerrado Mineiro", "Sul de Minas", "Matas de Minas", "Mogiana", "Conab" ], "related": [ "coffee-production-by-country", "the-coffee-belt", "coffea-canephora", "arabica-varieties", "harvest-calendars", "natural-process", "pulped-natural", "irrigation", "coffee-yields", "coffee-leaf-rust", "coffee-berry-borer", "coffee-price-history", "coffee-futures", "differentials", "green-coffee-grading", "the-international-coffee-agreements", "coffee-consumption-by-country", "eudr", "switzerland-and-the-coffee-trade" ], "contested": [ "Size of the crop: USDA gives 63.0 million bags for marketing year 2025/26 (July–June)1, Conab 56.5 million for the 2025 crop5, and FAO 3,387,724 t for calendar year 2024, which is 56.5 million bags (our calculation).3 A 2025 USDA report notes that Conab and the statistics institute IBGE use their own methods and have historically given lower figures than USDA’s post in Brazil.4", "Western limit of the Cerrado Mineiro geographical indication: the INPI list of indications of source gives 45°20′ to 49°48′ of longitude11; the list of denominations of origin gives 45°20′ to 48°48′ for the same region.10 The lists do not explain the difference.", "Year Bourbon reached Brazil: a 2013 genetic study gives 1852, from Réunion14; Arabica varieties cites World Coffee Research with 1860." ], "corrections": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "Coffee: World Markets and Trade (July 2026)", "authors": "USDA Foreign Agricultural Service", "year": 2026, "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service", "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/2026/07/coffee.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Brazil values from the Coffee Summary tables (Arabica Production, Robusta Production, Production, Bean Exports, Exports, Domestic Consumption), thousand 60-kg bags, marketing years 2021/22–2026/27; Brazil’s marketing year (July–June) from the note to the tables. Shares are our calculation.", "quote": "Brazil accounts for nearly 40 percent of world production and exerts significant influence on global supplies and prices.", "quotes": [ { "text": "near-record yields in Minas Gerais, where over 70 percent of Arabica coffee is grown", "for": "Minas Gerais share of arabica" }, { "text": "Espirito Santo, where approximately 70 percent of Robusta coffee is grown", "for": "Espírito Santo share of robusta" }, { "text": "Arabica trees are cultivated on elevated plateaus and rolling hills with relatively uniform weather patterns", "for": "landscape" }, { "text": "supports mechanized pruning and harvesting, further harmonizing output", "for": "mechanisation" }, { "text": "when drought and high temperatures reduced off-year output by 13.3 million bags", "for": "2021/22 drought and heat" }, { "text": "only a modest rebound of 3.4 million bags due to severe frost, high temperatures, and below-average rainfall", "for": "frost and 2022/23 crop" }, { "text": "begins either in October (Colombia), April (Indonesia) or July (Brazil)", "for": "marketing year" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "Coffee bean production (FAOSTAT, Crops and livestock products, item Coffee, green)", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); processed by Our World in Data", "year": 2026, "publisher": "FAO via Our World in Data", "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coffee-bean-production", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "FAO statistics are Tier A; read through Our World in Data, which republishes the FAOSTAT series in tonnes. Values for Brazil, calendar years 1961–2024, read on 2 Nov 2026 from the chart’s CSV download; the 2024 value (3,387,724 t) matches the site’s FAOSTAT extract.", "quotes": [], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s3", "title": "FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products (item “Coffee, green”, element “Production”, 2024)", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "year": 2026, "publisher": "FAO, licence CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Values and flags from the FAOSTAT extract of 11 Oct 2026 used by the site’s world coffee map, kept in tools/figures/data/the-coffee-belt-production-faostat-2024.json (78 countries and territories; Brazil 3,387,724 t, flag A). Rank, sum and share are our calculation.", "quotes": [], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s4", "title": "Brazil: Coffee Annual (BR2025-0013)", "authors": "Formiga, M. (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Brasília)", "year": 2025, "publisher": "USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, GAIN report", "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee+Annual_Brasilia_Brazil_BR2025-0013.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government report dated 19 May 2025. Figures it attributes to ABIC (consumption) and INCAPER (irrigation) are reported, not measured, by USDA.", "quote": "The 2025/26 Brazilian coffee harvest began at a slow pace, with robusta varieties in April and arabica in May, and expected to conclude by September.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Minas Gerais remains the leading coffee producer in the country, followed by Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Bahia, and Rondônia.", "for": "ranking of states" }, { "text": "around 70 percent of robusta crops are managed with irrigation", "for": "irrigation of robusta in Espírito Santo" }, { "text": "Coffee is grown in twenty Brazilian states", "for": "number of states" }, { "text": "Brazil consumed a total of 21.9 million", "for": "consumption, ABIC" }, { "text": "It is important to note that CONAB and IBGE, though official Brazilian government agencies, use different methodologies to forecast coffee production and have historically provided lower estimates compared to Post.", "for": "differences between datasets" }, { "text": "resulting in nearly 200 days without rainfall", "for": "2024 drought in Minas Gerais" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s5", "title": "Acompanhamento da safra brasileira: café, v. 13, safra 2026, n. 3, terceiro levantamento (setembro 2026)", "authors": "Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (Conab)", "year": 2026, "publisher": "Conab, Brasília (ISSN 2318-7913)", "url": "https://www.gov.br/conab/pt-br/atuacao/informacoes-agropecuarias/safras/safra-de-cafe/3o-levantamento-de-cafe-safra-2026/boletim-de-safras-cafe-set_26.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government statistics (national supply company). State and regional values from Tabela 1 (total, area in production) and Tabela 2 (arabica), column ‘Safra 2025’ (the completed 2025 crop); conilon by state and region is total minus arabica (our calculation). Thousand 60-kg bags of processed coffee.", "quote": "a previsão sinaliza uma produção total das espécies arábica e conilon em 67,6 milhões de sacas de café beneficiado", "quotes": [ { "text": "COMPARATIVO DE ÁREA EM PRODUÇÃO, PRODUTIVIDADE E PRODUÇÃO DE CAFÉ TOTAL (ARÁBICA E CONILON) NO BRASIL", "for": "Tabela 1, area, yield and production by state and region" }, { "text": "A colheita na região começou em maio de 2026, tendo seu pico de colheita em julho e agosto.", "for": "Sul de Minas harvest" }, { "text": "intensificando-se a partir de maio e junho, para sua conclusão entre agosto e setembro.", "for": "conilon harvest in Espírito Santo" }, { "text": "A produtividade média nacional de café será de 34,6 scs/ha, 13,8% maior em relação à safra anterior.", "for": "national yield 2026" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s6", "title": "Sumário Executivo – Café", "authors": "Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Secretaria de Política Agrícola", "year": 2026, "publisher": "Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária (MAPA), Brazil", "url": "https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/politica-agricola/todas-publicacoes-de-politica-agricola/sumarios-executivos-de-produtos-agricolas/cafe-pdf-1", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government summary, updated at the same address. Edition read: May 2026, reproducing Conab’s 2nd survey of the 2026 crop with the 2025 crop by state for arabica and conilon (‘Café Robusta’), and annual export statistics including calendar year 2025.", "quote": "Fonte: Conab (www.conab.gov.br) - Safra 2026 - 2° Levantamento da safra de café - maio-2026", "quotes": [ { "text": "Café Robusta – Safras 2025 e 2026", "for": "conilon by state, 2025" }, { "text": "Legenda: Acre, Pará e Ceará", "for": "conilon in “Others”" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s7", "title": "Censo Agropecuário 2017: resultados definitivos – produção agropecuária, Brasil", "authors": "Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)", "publisher": "IBGE, Rio de Janeiro", "url": "https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/3096/agro_2017_producao_agropecuaria.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "National statistics office; definitive results of the 2017 agricultural census. The coffee page gives one count of establishments for both species and production in tonnes; the basis (green or cherry) is not stated on that page. Year of publication not printed in the part consulted.", "quote": "Em cerca de 264 mil estabelecimentos, foram produzidas:", "quotes": [ { "text": "1,9 milhão de toneladas de café arábica", "for": "arabica production in the census" }, { "text": "476 mil toneladas de café canephora", "for": "canephora production in the census" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s8", "title": "Projected Shifts in Coffea arabica Suitability among Major Global Producing Regions Due to Climate Change", "authors": "Ovalle-Rivera, O.; Läderach, P.; Bunn, C.; Obersteiner, M.; Schroth, G.", "year": 2015, "publisher": "PLoS ONE 10(4), e0124155", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4397088", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0124155", "tier": "A", "quote": "Overall, the Andes countries would lose 16–20% of the current area suitable for Arabica coffee while Brazil would lose 25%.", "quotes": [ { "text": "In Brazil, there would be a shift in suitable climates from the current 400–1500 masl to 800–1600 masl.", "for": "suitable altitudes, current and 2050s" }, { "text": "Brazil has no high elevations and grows large areas of Arabica coffee at low elevations.", "for": "low elevations" }, { "text": "In contrast, precipitation in Brazil would decrease by 50 mm in the dry season.", "for": "dry-season rain" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s9", "title": "Impacts of drought and temperature stress on coffee physiology and production: a review", "authors": "DaMatta, F. M.; Ramalho, J. D. C.", "year": 2006, "publisher": "Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 18(1), 55–81", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/bjpp/a/bDfpJwLr4xLcznSwy4b9zkf/?lang=en", "doi": "10.1590/S1677-04202006000100006", "tier": "A", "quote": "Frost easily damages and eventually completely kills the coffee tree, as indeed occurs from time to time either in southern Brazil or, closer to the equator, at altitudes around 2000 m and above.", "quotes": [ { "text": "The coffee crop is confined to the inter-tropical zone, from 20-25ºN in Hawaii down to 24ºS in Brazil", "for": "southern limit" }, { "text": "or at lower latitudes, as in Paraná State, southern Brazil", "for": "shading against frost in Paraná" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s10", "title": "Indicações geográficas: denominações de origem reconhecidas (lista atualizada em 20 de outubro de 2026)", "authors": "Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI)", "year": 2026, "publisher": "INPI, Brazil", "url": "https://www.gov.br/inpi/pt-br/servicos/indicacoes-geograficas/arquivos/status-pedidos/LISTADASDENOMINAESDEORIGEMRECONHECIDAS.At20Outubro2026.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Official register of the government body that grants geographical indications in Brazil; A for registration numbers, dates, products and delimitations as listed. The list prints ‘Total – 45 DO’; nine of them are for coffee (our count).", "quote": "A região delimitada “Região do Cerrado Mineiro” é a área definida pela portaria 165/95, de 27 de abril de 1995", "quotes": [ { "text": "Corresponde aos 25 (vinte e cinco) municípios que compõem a área de abrangência da Mantiqueira – Face Minas Gerais", "for": "Mantiqueira de Minas" }, { "text": "sendo composta pela totalidade do território de 16 municípios, dez deles no Espírito Santo e seis em Minas Gerais", "for": "Caparaó" }, { "text": "Café em grão robustas amazônicos", "for": "Matas de Rondônia product" }, { "text": "Os limites contemplam 24 municípios inseridos na Mesorregião Centro Sul Baiano", "for": "Chapada Diamantina" }, { "text": "Municípios de Apucarana, Arapongas, Cambira, Jandaia do Sul, Mandaguari e Marialva, todos do estado do Paraná.", "for": "Mandaguari" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s11", "title": "Indicações geográficas: indicações de procedência reconhecidas (lista atualizada em 27 de outubro de 2026)", "authors": "Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI)", "year": 2026, "publisher": "INPI, Brazil", "url": "https://www.gov.br/inpi/pt-br/servicos/indicacoes-geograficas/arquivos/status-pedidos/LISTADASINDICAESDEPROCEDNCIARECONHECIDAS.At27Outubro2026.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Official register; A for registration numbers, dates, products and delimitations as listed. The text of the list could not be read to its end, so coffee entries after the point reached may be missing; ten coffee IPs were read.", "quote": "A área geográfica é delimitada pelos paralelos 16º37' a 20º13' de latitude e 45º20' a 49º48' de longitude", "quotes": [ { "text": "A delimitação da área geográfica refere-se aos 45 (quarenta e cinco) municípios das regiões administrativas", "for": "Norte Pioneiro do Paraná" }, { "text": "Abrange os terrenos com altitudes a partir de 700 metros, dos seguintes municípios: Formosa do Rio Preto,", "for": "Oeste da Bahia" }, { "text": "a altitude da sede atinge 870 m", "for": "Região de Pinhal" }, { "text": "na divisa com o Estado de Minas Gerais estão entre 900 a 1.100 metros", "for": "Região de Pinhal, border with Minas Gerais" }, { "text": "variam entre 800 a 900 metros", "for": "Região de Pinhal, other altitudes" }, { "text": "com altitudes que podem atingir 1.200 metros", "for": "Região de Pinhal, maximum" }, { "text": "A delimitação da área geográfica é representada pelos 17 (dezessete) municípios que compõem a área de abrangência", "for": "Campo das Vertentes" }, { "text": "Limites geopolíticos do estado do Espírito Santo.", "for": "Espírito Santo conilon IP" }, { "text": "A indicação de procedência da Região de Garça está situada no centro-oeste paulista e se configura por um conjunto de 15", "for": "Região de Garça" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s12", "title": "Certificado de registro de indicação geográfica BR402025000013-6: Chapada de Minas", "authors": "Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI)", "year": 2026, "publisher": "INPI, Brazil", "url": "https://www.gov.br/inpi/pt-br/servicos/indicacoes-geograficas/arquivos/certificados-de-ig/br402025000013-6_chapada_de_minas_certificado_assinado.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Official certificate of registration (indication of source for coffee), granted 24 February 2026.", "quote": "A área geográfica delimitada para produção de café abrange a área continua compreendida pelos 22 (vinte e dois) municípios:", "quotes": [], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s13", "title": "A fazenda de café escravocrata, no Brasil", "authors": "Valverde, O.", "year": 1967, "publisher": "Revista Brasileira de Geografia 29(1), 37ff. (IBGE)", "url": "https://rbg.ibge.gov.br/index.php/rbg/article/view/2620/1990", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Historical geography published in the journal of Brazil’s national statistics and geography institute (state institution, A under the 31 Oct 2026 rule). The text layer prints the year of Palheta’s journey as ‘1927’, an evident scanning slip for 1727 (see source 14).", "quote": "A carga de sementes e mudas que PALHETA trouxe demonstra, porém, que essa história é inteiramente fantástica.", "quotes": [ { "text": "cinco mudas e mil e tantas sementes da preciosa planta", "for": "what Palheta brought to Belém" }, { "text": "Diz a lenda que, durante a visita que PALHETA fizera ao governdor de Caiena, a espôsa dêste", "for": "the legend" }, { "text": "verá se pode esconder algum par de graon com todo o disfarce e com toda a cautela", "for": "written instructions" }, { "text": "Em 1732, exportou o Pará a primeira partida de café para Lisboa", "for": "first export, 1732" }, { "text": "Do Pará, o café foi levado para o Amazonas e o Maranhão.", "for": "spread from Pará" }, { "text": "Alcançando o vale do Paraíba em diversos pontos, a cultura do café se expandiu em direção a São Paulo e à Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais.", "for": "Paraíba valley" }, { "text": "só foi possível graças ao trabalho escravo.", "for": "slave labour" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s14", "title": "Coefficient of parentage in Coffea arabica L. cultivars grown in Brazil", "authors": "Setotaw, T. A.; Caixeta, E. T.; Pereira, A. A.; Oliveira, A. C. B. de; Cruz, C. D.; Zambolim, E. M.; Zambolim, L.; Sakiyama, N. S.", "year": 2013, "publisher": "Crop Science 53, 1237–1247", "url": "https://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/bitstream/doc/1125279/1/Setotaw-et-al-2013-1.pdf", "doi": "10.2135/cropsci2012.09.0541", "tier": "A", "quote": "In Brazil the first coffee seed was introduced in 1727 in the north of Brazil", "quotes": [ { "text": "Bourbon Vermelho was introduced in 1852 from the Reunion Island", "for": "Bourbon in Brazil" }, { "text": "It was calculated that 97.55% of the genetic base of the Brazilian C. arabica cultivars is derived from seven ancestors, indicating a narrow genetic base.", "for": "narrow genetic base" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s15", "title": "Searching arms for the farming: immigrants and migrants in São Paulo coffee economy in the late nineteenth century", "authors": "Gonçalves, P. C.", "year": 2014, "publisher": "Revista Brasileira de História 34(67), 283–308", "url": "https://scielo.br/j/rbh/a/hH6GwSKCCdyNQtqKrgkzrZw/?lang=en", "doi": "10.1590/S0102-01882014000100013", "tier": "A", "quote": "In 1888, the abolition of slavery demanded more urgent solution for the supply of labor.", "quotes": [ { "text": "From the 1870s onwards Brazilian coffee production increased rapidly.", "for": "expansion from the 1870s" }, { "text": "With government subsidies, plantation owners no longer needed to individually pay for the expenses of importing workers", "for": "subsidised immigration" }, { "text": "On 31 December 1895, after bringing more than 220,000 immigrants to São Paulo", "for": "immigrants to São Paulo by 1895 (Portuguese version)" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s16", "title": "Agro-Industry Profiles: Coffee", "authors": "World Bank, Finance and Agro-Industry Unit", "year": 1985, "publisher": "World Bank", "url": "https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/311271467993475518/pdf/FAU14.pdf", "tier": "A", "quote": "a severe frost which damaged the Brazilian crop in 1975", "quotes": [], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s17", "title": "Coffee Markets: New Paradigms in Global Supply and Demand (Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 3)", "authors": "Lewin, B.; Giovannucci, D.; Varangis, P.", "year": 2004, "publisher": "World Bank, Washington, DC", "url": "https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/899311468167958765/pdf/283000REVISED0Coffee1Markets01PUBLIC1.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "World Bank discussion paper; the views are the authors’.", "quote": "Brazilian replanting quickly expanded the productive capacity to include low frost-risk areas", "quotes": [ { "text": "The loss of about 13 million bags of Brazilian production in 1994", "for": "1994 frosts" }, { "text": "At the same time, the development of mechanized irrigation and harvesting assisted in cutting production costs", "for": "mechanisation" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s18", "title": "Remotely Piloted Aircraft for Evaluating the Impact of Frost in Coffee Plants: Interactions between Plant Age and Topography", "authors": "Valente, G. F.; Ferraz, G. A. e S.; Schwerz, F.; Faria, R. de O.; Fernandes, F. A.; Marin, D. B.", "year": 2024, "publisher": "Remote Sensing 16(18), 3467", "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/18/3467", "doi": "10.3390/rs16183467", "tier": "A", "quote": "The frost occurred on 20 July 2021, with the minimum temperature recorded on a thermometer located in the study area being −1.7 °C.", "quotes": [ { "text": "In the two-year-old coffee plants, high-risk and low-risk zones showed 50% and 12% frost damage", "for": "damage, two-year-old plants" }, { "text": "For the one-year-old coffee plants, high and low climate risk zones showed 88% and 6% damage", "for": "damage, one-year-old plants" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s19", "title": "Instituto Brasileiro do Café (IBC): inventário dos documentos textuais (2nd revised edition)", "authors": "Arquivo Nacional", "year": 2014, "publisher": "Arquivo Nacional, Rio de Janeiro", "url": "https://www.gov.br/arquivonacional/pt-br/servicos/copy_of_instrumentos-de-pesquisa/ibc-final-ago-2014.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Finding aid of Brazil’s national archive (state institution); revised edition of 2013, cover dated August 2014.", "quote": "O Instituto Brasileiro do Café (IBC) foi criado pela lei n° 1.779, de 22 de dezembro de 1952,", "quotes": [ { "text": "tinha por atribuições executar a política cafeeira nacional, prestar assistência técnica e econômica à cafeicultura", "for": "functions of the IBC" }, { "text": "O IBC foi extinto pela medida provisória n° 151, de 15 de março de 1990.", "for": "end of the IBC" }, { "text": "tendo sido extinto pela lei n° 8.029, de 12/4/1990.", "for": "law of April 1990" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s20", "title": "Relatório de gestão do Funcafé, exercício 2002", "authors": "Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Departamento do Café (DECAF)", "year": 2003, "publisher": "MAPA, Brasília", "url": "https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/politica-agricola/cafe/arquivos/RelatoriodeGestaoFuncafe2002.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government management report on the 2002 financial year, dated February 2003.", "quote": "Criado pelo Decreto -Lei nº 2.295, de 25/11/1986", "quotes": [ { "text": "o Funcafé tem por objetivo prestar apoio orçamentário e financeiro ao Programa de Desenvolvimento da Economia Cafeeira", "for": "purpose of Funcafé" }, { "text": "Criado em 1997, o Consórcio é uma experiência exemplar de integração de instituições", "for": "research consortium, 1997" }, { "text": "Coordenado pela Embrapa, este Consórcio tem por objetivo desenvolver estudos, pesquisas", "for": "Embrapa coordination" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s21", "title": "Um modelo singular de gestão: a experiência da Embrapa Café junto ao Consórcio Pesquisa Café (Documentos 7)", "authors": "Embrapa Café", "year": 2010, "publisher": "Embrapa Café, Brasília (ISSN 1678-1694)", "url": "https://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/bitstream/doc/870627/1/Ummodelosingulardegestao.pdf", "tier": "B", "tierNote": "Institutional account by Embrapa Café of its own consortium; used only for the address of Embrapa Café and the list of founding members, without numbers.", "quote": "Desde 1997 o Consórcio Pesquisa Café atua no seu formato próprio.", "quotes": [], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s22", "title": "Relatório mensal maio 2026: exportações brasileiras", "authors": "Conselho dos Exportadores de Café do Brasil (Cecafé)", "year": 2026, "publisher": "Cecafé, São Paulo; read through a copy published by Poder360", "url": "https://static.poder360.com.br/uploads/2026/06/cecafe-relatorio.pdf", "tier": "B", "tierNote": "Trade body of coffee exporters; monthly report of May 2026, read through a press copy because the Cecafé site could not be accessed (robots exclusion). Used only to name the main ports, not for shares (owner decision, 2 Nov 2026).", "quote": "O Porto de Santos é o principal exportador dos cafés do Brasil no primeiro quinquemestre de 2026,", "quotes": [ { "text": "Na sequência, aparecem o complexo portuário do Rio de Janeiro", "for": "Rio de Janeiro complex second" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s23", "title": "Annex 8: Glossary of terms used by the International Coffee Organisation", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "publisher": "FAO", "url": "https://www.fao.org/4/x6939e/x6939e14.htm", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "FAO document reproducing ICO definitions; undated. A for the group membership and definitions it lists.", "quote": "Countries in this group are: Brazil, Ethiopia and Paraguay", "quotes": [ { "text": "Green coffee prepared by dry processing of the fruit.", "for": "unwashed coffee" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s24", "title": "Current status and management of coffee leaf rust in Brazil", "authors": "Zambolim, L.", "year": 2016, "publisher": "Tropical Plant Pathology 41(1), 1–8", "url": "https://locus.ufv.br/items/3ce0b268-b097-4749-98d9-8d03aa3bb5ee", "doi": "10.1007/s40858-016-0065-9", "tier": "A", "quote": "was first detected in Coffea arabica in January 1970, in the southern region of Bahia state.", "quotes": [], "abstractOnly": true, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s25", "title": "Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei), a global pest of coffee: perspectives from historical and recent invasions, and future priorities", "authors": "Johnson, M. A.; Ruiz-Diaz, C. P.; Manoukis, N. C.; Verle Rodrigues, J. C.", "year": 2020, "publisher": "Insects 11(12), 882", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7763606", "doi": "10.3390/insects11120882", "tier": "A", "quote": "CBB was first introduced to Brazil in 1913 in Campinas, state of São Paulo,", "quotes": [], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s26", "title": "From anthesis to harvest: evolution of the fructification of Conilon coffee genotypes grown at a transitional altitude", "authors": "Colodetti, T. V.; Tomaz, M. A.; Sartori, L.; de Salles, R. A.; de Souza, I. V.; Senra, J. F. de B.; Rodrigues, W. N.", "year": 2025, "publisher": "Bragantia 84, e20250028", "url": "https://biblioteca.incaper.es.gov.br/digital/bitstream/item/5042/1/coniloncoffee.pdf", "doi": "10.1590/1678-4499.20250028", "tier": "A", "quote": "In the 1960s, Brazil began to significantly produce C. canephora, especially in Espírito Santo state", "quotes": [ { "text": "Centro de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação Sul – Cachoeiro de Itapemirim (ES)", "for": "Incaper research centre" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s27", "title": "Catuai", "authors": "World Coffee Research", "publisher": "World Coffee Research, Arabica Coffee Varieties catalogue", "url": "https://varieties.worldcoffeeresearch.org/varieties/catuai", "tier": "A", "quote": "A cross between highly productive Mundo Novo and compact Caturra, made by the Instituto Agronomico (IAC) of Sao Paulo State in Campinas, Brazil.", "quotes": [], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s28", "title": "Amazonian Robustas – new Coffea canephora coffee cultivars for the Western Brazilian Amazon", "authors": "Teixeira, A. L.; Rocha, R. B.; Espindula, M. C.; Ramalho, A. R.; Vieira Junior, J. R.; Alves, E. A.; Lunz, A. M. P.; Souza, F. de F.; Costa, J. N. M.; Fernandes, C. de F.", "year": 2020, "publisher": "Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 20(3), e323420318", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332020v20n3c53", "doi": "10.1590/1984-70332020v20n3c53", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Cultivar release paper of Embrapa Rondônia (published 25 September 2020). Authors and article number from the Embrapa repository record (Alice, doc 1129353).", "quote": "Amazonian Robustas are ten new clones of high yield potential", "quotes": [ { "text": "with characteristics typical of the botanical varieties conilon and robusta.", "for": "hybrid origin" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s29", "title": "Field performance of coffee progenies (Coffea arabica L.) in Varginha, Minas Gerais State", "authors": "Paiva, R. N.; Carvalho, C. H. S. de; Mendes, A. N. G.; Almeida, S. R. de; Matiello, J. B.; Ferreira, R. A.", "year": 2009, "publisher": "Coffee Science 4(1)", "url": "https://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/bitstream/doc/880499/1/Field-performance.pdf", "tier": "A", "quote": "The mean altitude in the area is 950 m.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Mapa/ Procafé Foundation’s experimental farm, in the municipality of Varginha, south of Minas Gerais state.", "for": "location of the Procafé farm" }, { "text": "The area is located at 21° 34’ latitude South, 45° 24’ 22\" longitude.", "for": "coordinates" } ], "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" } ], "markdown": "## Snapshot\n\nBrazil is the largest coffee producer. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) puts its 2025/26 crop at 63.0 million bags of 60 kg.1 That is 35.2% of the world total of 178.8 million bags (our calculation).1 USDA describes Brazil as nearly 40% of world production, with a strong influence on supplies and prices.1\n\nFor 2026/27, USDA forecasts a record 71.9 million bags.1 In the statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Brazil was also first in 2024, with 3,387,724 t of green coffee. That is 30.4% of the 78 countries’ total (our calculation).3\n\nBrazil grows both main species. USDA counts 38.0 million bags of arabica (*C. arabica*) and 25.0 million of robusta (*C. canephora*) for 2025/26.1 The national supply company, Conab, reports robusta as conilon. It counted 63.3% arabica and 36.7% conilon in the 2025 crop (our calculation).5 Brazil grew 40.2% of the world’s arabica in 2025/26 (our calculation).1\n\n## Where coffee grows\n\nCoffee is grown in twenty Brazilian states, according to a 2025 USDA report.4 Minas Gerais leads, followed by Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Bahia and Rondônia.4 In the 2025 crop, Minas Gerais grew 45.6% of Brazil’s coffee and Espírito Santo 30.9% (Conab; our calculation).5\n\nThe two species grow in different places. Over 70% of the arabica is grown in Minas Gerais, and about 70% of the robusta in Espírito Santo, according to USDA.1 Conab’s 2025 figures agree: 70.4% and 68.2% (our calculation).5,6 São Paulo, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro and Goiás grow only arabica in Conab’s tables. Rondônia, Mato Grosso and Amazonas grow only conilon.5,6\n\n
\n
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Interactive relief map of central and south-eastern Brazil. Layers: production by state, arabica and conilon (Conab, 2025 crop); the geographical indications for coffee (INPI, drawn where INPI defines the area by coordinates or a state border); the two main export ports named by the exporters’ council (Cecafé); research institutes; and places in the history of coffee, with the 2021 frost. Relief from AWS Terrain Tiles; borders from Natural Earth.5,10,11,12,22,13,18
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\n\n
\n
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Section along 19°S from the Paraná basin to the Atlantic, across the Triângulo Mineiro, Alto Paranaíba, the São Francisco valley, the Espinhaço range and the Rio Doce valley. Marked: the coordinate frame of the Região do Cerrado Mineiro indication of source (the DO list gives 48°48′ for the western limit; see Contested), and Espírito Santo, the area of the conilon indication of source. No source consulted gives a measured altitude band for Brazilian coffee. Terrain from AWS Terrain Tiles (0.25° means).11
\n
\n\n**Landscape and altitude.** USDA describes Brazilian arabica on elevated plateaus and rolling hills, with fairly uniform weather.1 A 2015 modelling study notes that Brazil has no high elevations and grows much arabica at low elevations.8 It places climates now suitable for arabica at 400–1,500 m.8 No source consulted gives a measured national altitude band.\n\nLocal figures exist. The Oeste da Bahia indication of source covers land from 700 m upwards.11 In the Região de Pinhal, São Paulo, altitudes reach 1,200 m.11 The experimental farm of Fundação Procafé at Varginha, in southern Minas Gerais, lies at 950 m.29\n\n**Main regions.** Conab divides Minas Gerais into four coffee regions.5 The Sul e Centro-Oeste region grew 12.1 million bags in 2025. The Zona da Mata, Rio Doce and Central region grew 8.0 million, and the Triângulo, Alto Paranaíba and Noroeste 4.8 million.5 In Bahia, the Atlântico region grows conilon; the Planalto and the Cerrado of the west grow arabica.5 Names such as Cerrado Mineiro, Matas de Minas and Alta Mogiana are protected as geographical indications (see below).10,11\n\n## Climate and harvest\n\nIn 2025/26, robusta picking began in April and arabica in May; USDA expected it to end by September.4 In Sul de Minas, the 2026 harvest began in May and peaked in July and August, according to Conab.5 In Espírito Santo, conilon picking intensified from May and June and was to end in August or September.5 USDA’s marketing year for Brazil runs from July to June.1 Harvest calendars compares Brazil with other origins.\n\n**Frost and drought.** Frost easily damages coffee trees and can kill them. A 2006 review notes that this happens from time to time in southern Brazil.9 In 2021/22, drought and high temperatures cut the off-year arabica crop by 13.3 million bags, according to USDA.1 In the next on-year, severe frost, heat and low rainfall limited the rebound to 3.4 million bags.1 In 2024, parts of Minas Gerais went nearly 200 days without rain.4\n\n**On-years and off-years.** Arabica in Brazil alternates between high-yielding and lower-yielding years. USDA links the strong swing to the uniform landscape and to weather that synchronises yields across large areas.1 Coffee yields explains the cycle.\n\n**Irrigation.** In Espírito Santo, around 70% of the robusta crops are irrigated, according to data of the state research institute Incaper reported by USDA.4 The national irrigated area is given in Irrigation.\n\n## Farms and people\n\nThe 2017 agricultural census of the national statistics office (IBGE) counted about 264,000 establishments that produced coffee.7 It recorded 1.9 million t of arabica and 476,000 t of canephora; the census page does not state whether this is green coffee.7 The census page consulted gives no farm sizes for coffee.\n\nIn Conab’s count, 1,858,693.5 ha of coffee were in production in 2025.5 That gives about 30.4 bags per hectare (our calculation).5 Conab expects 34.6 bags per hectare in 2026.5 Yields differ widely by state and species (see Coffee by state).\n\n**Mechanisation.** USDA writes that Brazil’s geography allows mechanised pruning and harvesting.1 A 2004 World Bank study names mechanised irrigation and harvesting as ways Brazil cut its production costs.17 No source consulted gives the share of the crop picked by machine.\n\n## Varieties\n\nBrazilian arabica rests on a narrow genetic base. A 2013 study found that seven ancestors make up 97.55% of the genetic base of Brazilian arabica cultivars.14 Bourbon Vermelho arrived from Réunion in 1852, according to that study.14 The Agronomic Institute (IAC) in Campinas, São Paulo, bred Catuaí by crossing Mundo Novo with Caturra.27 The main Brazilian cultivars and their history are in Arabica varieties.\n\n**Conilon.** Brazil began to grow *C. canephora* on a large scale in the 1960s, especially in Espírito Santo.26 A 2020 paper describes ten new clones for Rondônia and the western Amazon, named Amazonian Robustas. They combine traits of the conilon and robusta botanical varieties.28 The Matas de Rondônia denomination of origin protects “robustas amazônicos”.10 The species is described in Coffea canephora.\n\n## Processing\n\nIn the ICO glossary as reproduced by FAO (undated), the International Coffee Organization (ICO) places Brazil in its group of Brazilian Natural Arabicas, with Ethiopia and Paraguay.23 In the ICO glossary, unwashed (natural) coffee is green coffee prepared by dry processing of the fruit.23 No source consulted gives the national shares of natural, pulped natural and washed coffee.\n\nIn the pulped natural, or *cereja descascado*, the skin is removed and the seed is dried with its mucilage. Pulped natural describes the method and its Brazilian history; Natural process describes drying in the whole fruit.\n\n## History\n\n**Legend and evidence.** Coffee reached Brazil in 1727, in the north.14 A 1967 study of the slave-run coffee estate tells how Francisco de Melo Palheta brought it from Cayenne to Belém, in Pará.13 A legend says the French governor’s wife slipped coffee seeds into his pocket.13 The study calls this story pure fantasy.13 Palheta brought “cinco mudas e mil e tantas sementes” (five seedlings and over a thousand seeds).13 His written instructions told him to hide coffee seeds discreetly.13\n\n**From Pará to the south-east.** Pará shipped its first coffee to Lisbon in 1732.13 From Pará, coffee went to Amazonas and Maranhão.13 Later it spread around Rio de Janeiro and through the Paraíba valley towards São Paulo and the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais.13\n\n**Slavery and immigrant labour.** The coffee economy of the 19th century was built on the labour of enslaved people. The 1967 study states that its growth was possible only through slave labour.13 Production rose fast from the 1870s.15 Slavery was abolished in 1888.15 From the mid-1880s, government subsidies paid for the passage of immigrants to São Paulo. By the end of 1895, the planters’ Sociedade Promotora de Imigração had brought more than 220,000 immigrants to São Paulo.15\n\n**Pests, diseases and conilon.** The coffee berry borer reached Brazil in 1913, at Campinas.25 Coffee leaf rust was first found in January 1970, in southern Bahia.24 Conilon spread from the 1960s, above all in Espírito Santo.26\n\n**The 1975 frost.** In 1975 a severe frost damaged the Brazilian crop.16 In FAO statistics, production fell from 1,272,298 t in 1975 to 375,985 t in 1976 (−70%; our calculation).2 The effect on world prices is told in Coffee price history.\n\n**The coffee institute.** The Brazilian Coffee Institute (IBC) was created by law on 22 December 1952.19 It carried out national coffee policy and gave technical and economic help to producers.19 It was abolished by a provisional measure of 15 March 1990; the national archive also cites a law of 12 April 1990.19 Brazil’s earlier price support and the export quotas are covered in The international coffee agreements.\n\n## Trade and institutions\n\n**Exports.** USDA counts 37.9 million bags of exports in 2025/26, of which 34.0 million green coffee.1 The agriculture ministry (MAPA) reports 37.8 million bags of green coffee exported in calendar year 2025.6 How Brazilian coffee is priced on the New York futures market is covered in Differentials.\n\n**Ports.** Santos, in São Paulo state, is the main port for Brazil’s coffee exports, according to the exporters’ council Cecafé.22\n\n**Coffee at home.** Brazilians drank 22.3 million bags in 2025/26, by USDA’s estimate: 35.4% of the crop (our calculation).1 Among single countries, only the United States drinks more in USDA’s table.1 Coffee consumption by country compares consumers.\n\n**Institutions.** Conab, the national supply company, publishes the official crop surveys.5 The Coffee Economy Defence Fund (Funcafé), created on 25 November 1986, finances the government’s coffee programme.20 Since 1997, a research consortium coordinated by the agricultural research corporation Embrapa has joined the coffee research institutes.20 Brazil’s official classification of green coffee is described in Green coffee grading.\n\n**Geographical indications.** The INPI registers indications of source (*indicação de procedência*, IP) and denominations of origin (*denominação de origem*, DO). Its October 2026 lists include 9 coffee DOs and at least 11 coffee IPs.10,11,12 The first coffee IP was Região do Cerrado Mineiro, registered on 14 April 2005.11 The full list is under Geographical indications.\n\n**Deforestation rules.** How Brazilian coffee meets the EU deforestation regulation is covered in EUDR.\n\n\n\n## Production over time\n\nThe FAO series runs from 1961. Production stood at 2,228,704 t in 1961 and fell to 754,800 t in 1970.2 After the 1975 frost it dropped to 375,985 t in 1976, the lowest value in the series.2,16 The 2020 value, 3,705,719 t, is the highest.2 From 2008 onwards, every year exceeded 2.4 million t.2\n\n
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Green coffee production of Brazil, 1961–2024, in thousand tonnes, from FAO statistics by calendar year. The 1976 low follows the 1975 frost; the alternation of high and low years after 2000 reflects the biennial cycle of arabica.2,16,1
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\n\n| Year | t | Year | t | Year | t | Year | t |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| 1961 | 2,228,7042 | 1977 | 975,3852 | 1993 | 1,278,7592 | 2009 | 2,440,0562 |\n| 1962 | 2,190,3032 | 1978 | 1,267,6612 | 1994 | 1,307,2892 | 2010 | 2,907,2652 |\n| 1963 | 1,650,5272 | 1979 | 1,332,7722 | 1995 | 930,1352 | 2011 | 2,700,5402 |\n| 1964 | 1,042,0132 | 1980 | 1,061,1952 | 1996 | 1,369,1962 | 2012 | 3,037,5342 |\n| 1965 | 2,294,0472 | 1981 | 2,032,2102 | 1997 | 1,228,5132 | 2013 | 2,964,5382 |\n| 1966 | 1,202,8682 | 1982 | 957,9312 | 1998 | 1,689,3662 | 2014 | 2,804,0702 |\n| 1967 | 1,507,5002 | 1983 | 1,671,5882 | 1999 | 1,631,8522 | 2015 | 2,647,5042 |\n| 1968 | 1,057,7002 | 1984 | 1,420,2812 | 2000 | 1,903,5622 | 2016 | 3,024,4662 |\n| 1969 | 1,283,5002 | 1985 | 1,910,6462 | 2001 | 1,819,5692 | 2017 | 2,684,5082 |\n| 1970 | 754,8002 | 1986 | 1,041,4062 | 2002 | 2,610,5242 | 2018 | 3,552,7292 |\n| 1971 | 1,551,4622 | 1987 | 2,202,7082 | 2003 | 1,987,0742 | 2019 | 3,011,7452 |\n| 1972 | 1,495,7052 | 1988 | 1,348,0142 | 2004 | 2,465,7102 | 2020 | 3,705,7192 |\n| 1973 | 872,8972 | 1989 | 1,532,3352 | 2005 | 2,140,1692 | 2021 | 2,985,5812 |\n| 1974 | 1,615,3092 | 1990 | 1,464,8562 | 2006 | 2,573,3682 | 2022 | 3,179,3412 |\n| 1975 | 1,272,2982 | 1991 | 1,520,3822 | 2007 | 2,249,0112 | 2023 | 3,348,5102 |\n| 1976 | 375,9852 | 1992 | 1,294,3732 | 2008 | 2,796,9272 | 2024 | 3,387,7242 |\n\nNational and international bodies count the crop differently. USDA uses a marketing year from July to June.1 Conab reports each calendar crop, and FAO uses calendar years.5,3 USDA’s post in Brazil notes that Conab and IBGE use their own methods and have historically given lower figures than the post (see Contested).4\n\n## Coffee by state\n\nThe table gives Conab’s values for the completed 2025 crop, as printed in its survey of September 2026.5 The agriculture ministry’s summary of May 2026 gives the 2025 crop by state for arabica and conilon.6 Conilon by state is total minus arabica (our calculation), and matches that summary.5,6\n\n
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Coffee production by state in the 2025 crop, in thousand 60-kg bags: arabica (filled) and conilon (outlined). Data: Conab, survey of September 2026, column ‘Safra 2025’; conilon is our calculation.5,6
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\n\n| State | Arabica, 2025 (thousand bags) | Conilon, 2025 (thousand bags) | Total, 2025 (thousand bags) | Area in production, 2025 (ha) | Share of production (our calculation) |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Minas Gerais | 25,170.95 | 584.26 | 25,755.15 | 1,077,8045 | 45.6% |\n| Espírito Santo | 3,289.05 | 14,159.06 | 17,448.05 | 379,8225 | 30.9% |\n| São Paulo | 4,739.95 | – | 4,739.95 | 196,0255 | 8.4% |\n| Bahia | 1,144.55 | 3,290.06 | 4,434.55 | 103,2455 | 7.8% |\n| Rondônia | – | 2,320.26 | 2,320.25 | 40,7625 | 4.1% |\n| Paraná | 748.65 | – | 748.65 | 25,4045 | 1.3% |\n| Rio de Janeiro | 422.35 | – | 422.35 | 12,3795 | 0.7% |\n| Mato Grosso | – | 278.76 | 278.75 | 11,8255 | 0.5% |\n| Goiás | 215.55 | – | 215.55 | 5,5795 | 0.4% |\n| Amazonas | – | 35.26 | 35.25 | 985.55 | 0.1% |\n| Others (Conab) | 32.45 | 104.96 | 137.35 | 4,8635 | 0.2% |\n| Brazil | 35,763.15 | 20,772.26 | 56,535.35 | 1,858,693.55 | 100% |\n\nIn the agriculture ministry’s summary, “Others” covers Ceará, Pernambuco, Mato Grosso do Sul and the Federal District for arabica, and Acre, Pará and Ceará for conilon.6 Production per hectare in production ranged from 23.9 bags in Minas Gerais to 56.9 bags in Rondônia (our calculation).5\n\n**Regions within states.** Conab breaks down Minas Gerais and Bahia.5\n\n| Region (Conab) | Arabica, 2025 (thousand bags) | Conilon, 2025 (thousand bags; our calculation) | Total, 2025 (thousand bags) | Area in production, 2025 (ha) |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Minas Gerais: Sul e Centro-Oeste | 12,061.35 | – | 12,061.35 | 521,8155 |\n| Minas Gerais: Zona da Mata, Rio Doce e Central | 7,468.35 | 571.7 | 8,040.05 | 330,4505 |\n| Minas Gerais: Triângulo, Alto Paranaíba e Noroeste | 4,771.65 | – | 4,771.65 | 195,9415 |\n| Minas Gerais: Norte, Jequitinhonha e Mucuri | 869.75 | 12.5 | 882.25 | 29,5985 |\n| Bahia: Atlântico | – | 3,290.0 | 3,290.05 | 47,0005 |\n| Bahia: Planalto | 879.55 | – | 879.55 | 50,2455 |\n| Bahia: Cerrado | 265.05 | – | 265.05 | 6,0005 |\n\n**The 2026 crop.** Conab’s September 2026 survey estimates 67.6 million bags for 2026: 48.2 million arabica and 19.4 million conilon (our calculation for conilon).5 Minas Gerais rises to 35.6 million bags and Espírito Santo falls to 16.5 million.5 The 2026 values are estimates until Conab’s final survey.\n\n## Geographical indications\n\nThe INPI lists of October 2026 contain nine denominations of origin and, in the part of the indication-of-source list that could be read, ten indications of source for coffee.10,11 A further IP, Chapada de Minas, was granted on 24 February 2026.12 Two regions began as IPs and later became DOs or added one: Mantiqueira de Minas and Região do Cerrado Mineiro.10,11 INPI names no seat or centre for any of them.\n\n| Name | Type | INPI number | Registered | State | Area as INPI describes it |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Região do Cerrado Mineiro | IP | IG990001 | 14 Apr 200511 | MG | Parallels 16°37′ to 20°13′ and 45°20′ to 49°48′11 |\n| Mantiqueira de Minas | IP 2011, DO from 2020 | IG200704 | 31 May 2011; changed to DO 9 Jun 202010 | MG | 25 municipalities of the Mantiqueira, Minas Gerais side10 |\n| Norte Pioneiro do Paraná | IP | IG200903 | 25 Sep 201211 | PR | 45 municipalities11 |\n| Alta Mogiana | IP | IG200703 | 17 Sep 2013, amended 23 May 202311 | SP, MG | Listed municipalities of both states11 |\n| Região do Cerrado Mineiro | DO | IG201011 | 31 Dec 2013, amended 15 Mar 202210 | MG | Area of state portaria 165/95; 16°37′ to 20°13′ and 45°20′ to 48°48′10 |\n| Região de Pinhal | IP | BR402014000001-8 | 19 Jul 201611 | SP | Listed municipalities from Espírito Santo do Pinhal; seat at 870 m; 800–900 m, 900–1,100 m on the Minas Gerais border, up to 1,200 m11 |\n| Oeste da Bahia | IP | BR402014000005-0 | 14 May 201911 | BA | Land from 700 m in listed municipalities; arabica green coffee11 |\n| Campo das Vertentes | IP | BR402019000013-5 | 24 Nov 2020, amended 5 May 202611 | MG | 17 municipalities11 |\n| Matas de Minas | IP | BR402018000002-7 | 15 Dec 2020, amended 7 Apr 202611 | MG | Listed municipalities from Abre Campo11 |\n| Caparaó | DO | BR412019000005-0 | 2 Feb 202110 | ES, MG | 16 municipalities, 10 in Espírito Santo and 6 in Minas Gerais; arabica10 |\n| Montanhas do Espírito Santo | DO | BR412019000017-4 | 4 May 202110 | ES | Listed municipalities from Afonso Claudio10 |\n| Espírito Santo | IP | BR402020000002-7 | 11 May 202111 | ES | The whole state; conilon coffee11 |\n| Matas de Rondônia | DO | BR412020000004-0 | 1 Jun 202110 | RO | 10–14°S, 60–64°W; “robustas amazônicos”10 |\n| Região de Garça | IP | BR402020000017-5 | 22 Nov 202211 | SP | 15 municipalities in the centre-west of the state; arabica11 |\n| Sudoeste de Minas | IP | BR402022000007-3 | 25 Jul 202311 | MG | Continuous area of listed municipalities11 |\n| Canastra | DO | BR412022000012-6 | 19 Sep 202310 | MG | Listed municipalities from Medeiros and Bambuí10 |\n| Chapada Diamantina | DO | BR412022000019-3 | 15 Oct 202410 | BA | 24 municipalities of the Centro Sul Baiano mesoregion10 |\n| Mandaguari | DO | BR412023000020-0 | 1 Jul 202510 | PR | Apucarana, Arapongas, Cambira, Jandaia do Sul, Mandaguari, Marialva10 |\n| Serra de Apucarana | DO | BR412025000003-5 | 27 Jan 202610 | PR | Apucarana, Arapongas and Cambira10 |\n| Chapada de Minas | IP | BR402025000013-6 | 24 Feb 202612 | MG | 22 municipalities12 |\n\nThese are Brazilian registrations. No source consulted for this entry records protection of a Brazilian coffee name in the European Union or Switzerland.\n\n## Export ports\n\nThe exporters’ council Cecafé names Santos as the main port for Brazilian coffee, followed by the port complex of Rio de Janeiro.22 Its statistics count exports both by the customs unit that clears them and by the port that ships them.22 Shares by port are not given here: they rest on this trade body alone, and no official port series was consulted.\n\n## Frost and climate risk\n\nA 2006 review places the southern limit of coffee at 24°S in Brazil. Frost there can damage and kill trees.9 The 2006 review cites the use of shade in Paraná, southern Brazil, to reduce chilling and frost damage.9 The coffee belt gives the latitude limits.\n\n| Event | What the sources record | Source |\n|---|---|---|\n| 1975 frost | Severe frost damaged the Brazilian crop; FAO production 1,272,298 t (1975) and 375,985 t (1976) | World Bank 198516, FAO2 |\n| 1994 frosts | Two frosts and a following drought; about 13 million bags of production lost | World Bank 200417 |\n| 2021/22 drought and heat | Off-year arabica crop 13.3 million bags lower | USDA1 |\n| 2021 frost | 20 July 2021; −1.7 °C at a study farm at Santo Antônio do Amparo, Minas Gerais; next on-year rebound only 3.4 million bags | Valente et al. 202418, USDA1 |\n| 2024 drought | Nearly 200 days without rain in parts of Minas Gerais | USDA4 |\n\n**Moving away from frost.** In the second half of the 1990s, Brazilian replanting expanded into low frost-risk areas, according to a 2004 World Bank study.17 The study links this to the end of credit limits set by the former coffee institute.17\n\n**Frost on the farm.** A 2024 drone study measured damage three days after the frost of 20 July 2021 on two young plantations. Damage depended on plant age and position on the slope: 50% and 12% in high- and low-risk zones for two-year-old plants, 88% and 6% for one-year-old plants.18\n\n**Projections.** A 2015 modelling study projects that Brazil loses 25% of the area now suitable where arabica grows by the 2050s.8 Suitable climates shift from 400–1,500 m to 800–1,600 m, and dry-season rain falls by 50 mm.8 These are model projections, not forecasts by Coffearium.\n\n## Research institutes\n\nBrazil’s coffee research is shared between federal and state institutes. Embrapa coordinates the coffee research consortium, created in 1997.20 Its founding members include the state research companies EPAMIG (Minas Gerais), Incaper (Espírito Santo) and IAPAR (Paraná), the IAC and two federal universities, according to Embrapa Café.21\n\n| Institute | Location | Example of work | Source |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| Embrapa Café | Brasília, Federal District | Coordinates the Consórcio Pesquisa Café | Embrapa Café21, MAPA20 |\n| Instituto Agronômico (IAC) | Campinas, São Paulo | Bred Catuaí | WCR27 |\n| Fundação Procafé | Varginha, Minas Gerais; MAPA/Procafé experimental farm at 21°34′S, 45°24′22″ (west not printed), 950 m | Field trials of arabica progenies | Paiva et al. 200929 |\n| Incaper | Research centre at Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Espírito Santo | Conilon research | Colodetti et al. 202526 |\n| EPAMIG | Minas Gerais (town not given in the sources consulted) | Founding member of the consortium | Embrapa Café21 |\n| Embrapa Rondônia | Rondônia | Amazonian Robustas, ten clones (2020) | CBAB 202028 |\n\n## Reference values\n\n| Parameter | Value | Source |\n|---|---|---|\n| Production, USDA | 63.0 million 60-kg bags (2025/26); 71.9 million forecast (2026/27) | USDA1 |\n| Arabica / robusta, USDA | 38.0 / 25.0 million bags (2025/26) | USDA1 |\n| Production, Conab | 56,535.3 thousand bags (2025 crop); 67.6 million estimated (2026) | Conab5 |\n| Arabica / conilon, Conab | 35,763.1 / 20,772.2 thousand bags (2025); 63.3% / 36.7% (our calculation) | Conab5,6 |\n| Production, FAO | 3,387,724 t (2024; ≈56.5 million bags, our calculation) | FAO3 |\n| Share of world output | 35.2% (2025/26, USDA); 30.4% (2024, FAO); our calculation | USDA1, FAO3 |\n| Share of world arabica | 40.2% (2025/26, our calculation) | USDA1 |\n| Area in production | 1,858,693.5 ha (2025); 1,952,617.5 ha (2026 estimate) | Conab5 |\n| Yield | ≈30.4 bags/ha (2025, our calculation); 34.6 bags/ha (2026 estimate) | Conab5 |\n| Establishments producing coffee | ≈264,000 (2017 census) | IBGE7 |\n| States growing coffee | Twenty (USDA, 2025) | USDA4 |\n| Largest states (2025) | Minas Gerais 25,755.1; Espírito Santo 17,448.0; São Paulo 4,739.9 thousand bags | Conab5 |\n| Harvest | Robusta from April, arabica from May, expected to end by September (2025/26) | USDA4 |\n| Harvest, Sul de Minas (2026) | Start May, peak July–August | Conab5 |\n| Marketing year (USDA) | July–June | USDA1 |\n| Irrigated robusta, Espírito Santo | ≈70% of crops (Incaper data via USDA, 2025) | USDA4 |\n| Exports | 37.9 million bags, of which 34.0 million green (USDA, 2025/26); 37.8 million bags green coffee (MAPA, calendar 2025) | USDA1, MAPA6 |\n| Main export port | Santos, then the Rio de Janeiro port complex | Cecafé22 |\n| Domestic consumption | 22.3 million bags (2025/26) | USDA1 |\n| Geographical indications | 9 DOs; at least 11 IPs (October 2026) | INPI10,11,12 |\n| Modelled suitable altitude, arabica | 400–1,500 m now; 800–1,600 m by the 2050s | Ovalle-Rivera et al. 20158 |\n| First coffee in Brazil | 1727, Pará | Setotaw et al. 201314, Valverde 196713 |\n| Brazilian Coffee Institute (IBC) | 22 Dec 1952 – 15 Mar 1990 (law of 12 Apr 1990) | Arquivo Nacional19 |\n\n## Open questions\n\n- **Farm structure.** The census page consulted gives one count of about 264,000 establishments and no farm sizes or family-farm shares for coffee.7 No source consulted gives the number of producers by state or species.\n- **Processing shares.** No source consulted gives the shares of natural, pulped natural and washed coffee in the Brazilian crop.\n- **Altitude.** No Tier A source consulted gives a measured altitude band for Brazilian coffee; the only national range is a modelled one.8\n- **Mechanisation.** USDA and the World Bank describe mechanised harvesting, but no source consulted gives its share.1,17\n- **Where the 1975 frost struck.** The sources consulted record the damage nationally, not by region.16,2\n- **Port statistics.** Shares by port would need an official series (for example Comexstat, by port of shipment); the exporters’ council’s figures were not used.22\n- **Indications of source.** The INPI list could not be read to its end, so coffee IPs registered recently may be missing.11\n\n## Key studies\n\n
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Valverde, 1967 – The slave-run coffee estate in Brazil. A historical geography of the coffee plantation, from Palheta’s journey to Cayenne to the Paraíba valley. It quotes the written instructions to bring seeds back secretly and rejects the story of the governor’s wife as fantasy. It concludes that the coffee boom rested on slave labour.

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Revista Brasileira de Geografia 29(1), 37ff. · rbg.ibge.gov.br

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Gonçalves, 2014 – Immigrants and migrants in the São Paulo coffee economy. Follows how São Paulo planters looked for workers as coffee spread in the late 19th century. Subsidised immigration supplied the labour; one planters’ society alone brought more than 220,000 immigrants by the end of 1895.

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Revista Brasileira de História 34(67), 283–308 · doi:10.1590/S0102-01882014000100013

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Setotaw et al., 2013 – Brazil’s narrow arabica base. Traced the pedigrees of 121 arabica cultivars released in Brazil from 1939 to 2009. Seven ancestors make up almost the whole genetic base, led by Bourbon Vermelho.

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Crop Science 53, 1237–1247 · doi:10.2135/cropsci2012.09.0541

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Valente et al., 2024 – Frost damage seen from the air. Used multispectral images from a drone three days after the frost of 20 July 2021 in Minas Gerais. Damage on two young plantations depended on plant age and on position in the terrain, from 6% to 88%.

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Remote Sensing 16(18), 3467 · doi:10.3390/rs16183467

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Ovalle-Rivera et al., 2015 – Shifts in arabica suitability. Modelled where arabica can grow in the main producing regions under 2050s climates. Brazil, with large areas at low elevations, loses 25% of its suitable area, and suitable climates move upwards.

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PLoS ONE 10(4), e0124155 · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124155

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