{ "id": "indonesia", "url": "https://coffearium.org/entries/indonesia/", "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "title": "Indonesia", "summary": "The fourth-largest coffee producer, mostly robusta from smallholder farms in southern Sumatra, with arabica from the highlands of Aceh, North Sumatra, Sulawesi, Bali, Flores and Java, wet-hulled in Sumatra.", "domain": "origin", "kind": "Region", "stage": "farm", "topics": [ "history" ], "topicSections": {}, "lang": "en", "status": "verified", "reviewer": "Coffearium verification pass", "lastVerified": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z", "literatureSearched": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z", "updated": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z", "added": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z", "brief": [ "Indonesia produced 12.37 million bags of 60 kg in 2025/26, 11.0 million robusta and 1.37 million arabica, by the count of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA).1", "In FAO statistics, Indonesia produced 807,578 t of green coffee in 2024, the fourth-largest crop among 78 countries (our calculation).3", "Smallholder plantations, averaging 1–2 ha, hold 98% of the coffee area, according to a 2025 USDA report.5", "In the agriculture ministry’s 2024 figures, South Sumatra, Lampung, North Sumatra, Aceh and Bengkulu grew 70.4% of the crop (our calculation).6", "The European Union registered Kopi Arabika Gayo as a protected geographical indication (PGI) in 2017, and Flores Bajawa and Kopi Arabika Flores Manggarai in 2026.15,16,17" ], "quickFacts": [ { "label": "Production (USDA)", "value": "12.37 million 60-kg bags (2025/26); 11.38 million forecast (2026/27)" }, { "label": "Production (FAO)", "value": "807,578 t green coffee (2024)" }, { "label": "Share of world output", "value": "6.9% (USDA, 2025/26) · 7.3% (FAO, 2024), our calculation" }, { "label": "Species", "value": "Robusta 11.0, arabica 1.37 million bags (USDA, 2025/26); robusta 72.8% of smallholder output (Ditjenbun, 2020 estimate, our calculation)" }, { "label": "Area", "value": "1.27 million ha (agriculture ministry, 2024, preliminary)" }, { "label": "Main provinces", "value": "South Sumatra, Lampung, North Sumatra, Aceh, Bengkulu – 70.4% of output (2024, our calculation)" }, { "label": "Producers", "value": "Smallholders hold 98% of the area (USDA, 2025); 1.88 million smallholder households (robusta plus arabica tables, Ditjenbun, 2020 estimate; a household growing both may be counted twice)" }, { "label": "Harvest", "value": "Robusta from late April (Jambi and South Sumatra, 2025), peak June–July; arabica April–May and from September or October (USDA, 2025)" }, { "label": "Typical arabica process", "value": "Wet hulling (giling basah), North Sumatra and Aceh" }, { "label": "Domestic consumption", "value": "4.81 million bags (USDA, 2025/26), 38.9% of the crop (our calculation)" } ], "aka": [ "Indonesian coffee" ], "linkTerms": [ "Indonesian coffee", "Sumatran coffee", "Sumatra" ], "related": [ "coffee-production-by-country", "the-coffee-belt", "coffea-canephora", "coffea-arabica", "liberica-and-excelsa", "arabica-varieties", "wet-hulled", "harvest-calendars", "crop-year-and-coffee-year", "coffee-leaf-rust", "coffee-yields", "coffee-consumption-by-country", "direct-trade", "living-income", "eudr", "vietnam" ], "contested": [ "Size of the crop: USDA gives 12.37 million bags for marketing year 2025/26 (April–March), which is 742,200 t (our calculation)1; FAO and the agriculture ministry give 807,578 t for calendar year 2024.3,6 USDA gives 10.7 million bags (642,000 t) for 2024/25.1 The series cover different periods and come from different estimators.", "Share of robusta: 88.9% of the 2025/26 crop in USDA’s tables (our calculation)1, and “approximately 80 – 90 percent” according to USDA’s Jakarta office5; 73.00% of production on average over 2013–2022 in the agriculture ministry’s outlook7, and 72.8% of smallholder output in the estate crops directorate’s 2020 estimate (our calculation).8", "Share of smallholders in the area: 98% according to USDA (2025)5; 95.64% in 2021 in the agriculture ministry’s outlook7; 96.6% in the estate crops directorate’s 2020 estimate (our calculation).8", "First arabica on Java: World Coffee Research dates Dutch shipments of seed from the Malabar coast of India to Batavia to 1696 and 169922; an exhibition timeline of Indonesia’s National Museum gives 1696 for an order to the Dutch East India Company’s commander in Malabar to plant coffee in Java and 1699 for seeds planted around Batavia23; the Gayo product specification names 1696 and 1699.14 None of the three cites a record. A 2024 genomic study says only that the Dutch began cultivating arabica in South-East Asia about a century after seeds reached India around 1600.21 No primary colonial record was consulted." ], "corrections": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "Coffee: World Markets and Trade (July 2026)", "authors": "USDA Foreign Agricultural Service", "year": 2026, "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service", "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/2026/07/coffee.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Indonesia rows in the Coffee Summary tables Arabica Production, Robusta Production, Production, Bean Exports, Roast and Ground Exports, Soluble Exports, Exports, Domestic Consumption and Ending Stocks (thousand 60-kg bags, marketing years 2021/22–2026/27); Indonesia’s marketing year (April–March) from the table Marketing Years for Producing Countries. Edition of July 2026. Values read through a summarising fetch. Shares and conversions to tonnes are our calculation.", "quote": "Indonesia production is forecast to drop 1.0 million bags to 11.4 million.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Excessive rainfall disrupted flowering and cherry formation in the lowland areas of Southern Sumatra and Java", "for": "2026/27 forecast" }, { "text": "These gains more than compensate for losses in India and Indonesia.", "for": "world forecast 2026/27" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "USDA FAS PSD tables, Indonesia, marketing years 2021/22–2026/27 (April–March); July 2026 edition", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "Coffee bean production (FAOSTAT, Crops and livestock products, item Coffee, green)", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); processed by Our World in Data", "year": 2026, "publisher": "FAO via Our World in Data", "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coffee-bean-production", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "FAO statistics are Tier A; read through Our World in Data, which republishes the FAOSTAT series in tonnes. Values for Indonesia, calendar years 1961–2024, read on 2 Nov 2026 from the chart’s filtered CSV download through a summarising fetch; the 2024 value (807,578 t) matches the site’s FAOSTAT extract, and the values for 2018, 2021, 2023 and 2024 equal the estate crops directorate’s figures (sources 6 and 8), and 2022 equals them after rounding.", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "FAOSTAT green coffee production, Indonesia, calendar years 1961–2024", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s3", "title": "FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products (item “Coffee, green”, element “Production”, 2024)", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "year": 2026, "publisher": "FAO, licence CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Values and flags from the FAOSTAT extract of 11 Oct 2026 used by the site’s world coffee map, kept in tools/figures/data/the-coffee-belt-production-faostat-2024.json (78 countries and territories; Indonesia 807,578 t, flag A). Rank, sum and share are our calculation.", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "FAOSTAT 2024 extract, 78 countries and territories", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s4", "title": "Coffee bean yields; Coffee bean production (FAOSTAT, Crops and livestock products, item Coffee, green)", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); processed by Our World in Data", "year": 2026, "publisher": "FAO via Our World in Data", "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/coffee-yields", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "FAO statistics are Tier A; read through Our World in Data. Indonesia, 1961–2024, read on 2 Nov 2026 from the chart’s filtered CSV download through a summarising fetch (2024: 0.6362 t/ha, given here as 636 kg/ha).", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "FAOSTAT green coffee yield, Indonesia, 1961–2024", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s5", "title": "Indonesia: Coffee Annual (ID2025-0021)", "authors": "Rahmanulloh, A. (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Jakarta)", "year": 2025, "publisher": "USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, GAIN report", "url": "https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Coffee+Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2025-0021.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Government report dated 19 May 2025 (post estimates and forecasts, not official USDA figures). Read through a summarising fetch; the quotes are the phrases it returned. It gives no number of farmers, no province shares and no varieties.", "quote": "Arabica crops are harvested twice per year; first between April and May followed by a second harvest which normally begins in September or October.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Smallholder plantations averaging between 1 – 2 hectares continue to account for 98 percent of all area.", "for": "smallholders" }, { "text": "Sumatera remains Indonesia's largest coffee producing region, producing between 70 – 75 percent of all green bean coffee.", "for": "Sumatra share" }, { "text": "Robusta production accounts for approximately 80 – 90 percent of total production", "for": "robusta share" }, { "text": "Northern Sumatera is the main producing region of Arabica in Indonesia.", "for": "arabica region" }, { "text": "Other areas with smaller production are in the high-altitude areas of Java, Sulawesi, and Papua.", "for": "other arabica areas" }, { "text": "farmers in Jambi and South Sumatera began to harvest in late April to May 2025.", "for": "robusta harvest start" }, { "text": "Crop area in 2025/26 is forecast to remain steady at 1.2 million hectares", "for": "area" }, { "text": "Indonesian green bean exports are forecast to rise 7 percent to 6.5 million bags in 2025/26", "for": "exports forecast (post)" }, { "text": "the EU, the United States, Egypt, Malaysia, India, and Japan", "for": "destinations 2024/25" }, { "text": "Coffee consumption in 2025/26 is forecast at 4.81 million bags", "for": "consumption" }, { "text": "Use of quality seedlings with higher yield remains limited as many farmers traditionally rely on local planting materials.", "for": "planting material" }, { "text": "In Indonesia, a balance of sunlight and rainfall after flowering is crucial for optimal coffee production.", "for": "weather" }, { "text": "Exporters are preparing to comply with the EUDR requirements", "for": "EUDR" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "USDA Jakarta post estimates and descriptions for 2024/25–2025/26; not official USDA figures", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s6", "title": "Analisis Kinerja Perdagangan Komoditas Kopi (Volume 15 Nomor 2E)", "authors": "Manurung, M. (text); Subehi, M.; Wahyuningsih, S. (editors); Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian", "year": 2025, "publisher": "Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian, Sekretariat Jenderal, Kementerian Pertanian (ISSN 2086-4949)", "url": "https://satudata.pertanian.go.id/assets/docs/publikasi/31c4b01bc1ec47aa5d735e30afbd4c2f.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Ministry of Agriculture data centre. Table 4.1 ‘Sentra Produksi Kopi di Indonesia Tahun 2021- 2025’ (tonnes; source line Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan): eight provinces and ‘Lainnya’ for 2021–2025; 2024 marked ‘Angka Sementara’ (preliminary); the meaning of the 2025 mark is not stated. Aceh shows the same value (71,084 t) for 2023 and 2024. Exports from Table 4.8; the 18.77% is a share of export value. Read through a summarising fetch; Table 4.1 and the quotes were re-read on 2 Nov 2026 when the entry was checked. Province shares for 2024 are our calculation.", "quote": "Produksi Kopi Indonesia tahun 2024 sebesar 807.578 Ton mengalami kenaikan sekitar 6,05%", "quotes": [ { "text": "luas areal Kopi Indonesia tahun 2024 angka sementara mencapai 1,27 juta hektar", "for": "area 2024" }, { "text": "Areal ini umumnya terbagi menjadi Perkebunan Rakyat (PR), Perkebunan Besar Negara (PBN), dan Perkebunan Besar Swasta (PBS).", "for": "producer categories" }, { "text": "terdapat delapan provinsi sentra produksi kopi yang memberikan kontribusi mencapai sebesar 83,11% terhadap total produksi kopi Indonesia", "for": "eight provinces, 2021–2025 average" }, { "text": "Sentra Produksi Kopi di Indonesia Tahun 2021- 2025", "for": "Table 4.1" }, { "text": "Urutan pertama adalah Amerika Serikat merupakan negara tujuan utama ekspor kopi Indonesia yang sharenya mencapai 18,77%", "for": "United States share of export value, 2024" }, { "text": "Negara tujuan ekspor Kopi Indonesia tahun 2024 dominan ditujukan ke 10 (sepuluh) negara dengan total share mencapai 64,98%.", "for": "ten destinations" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "Ministry of Agriculture data centre, Ditjenbun production by province 2021–2025 (2024 preliminary), exports 2024", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s7", "title": "Outlook Kopi 2022: Komoditas Pertanian Subsektor Perkebunan", "authors": "Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian", "year": 2022, "publisher": "Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian, Sekretariat Jenderal, Kementerian Pertanian (ISSN 1907-1507)", "url": "https://satudata.pertanian.go.id/assets/docs/publikasi/Buku_Outlook_Kopi_2022_compressed.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Ministry of Agriculture outlook. Read through a summarising fetch. Its robusta centre list gives East Java 5.95% with 22.71 thousand t and Central Java 4.13% with 22.73 thousand t, which cannot both be right; only the first three robusta provinces are used. The province shares are averages for 2018–2022; the 73.00% robusta share is for 2013–2022; the 95.64% smallholder share of area stands in the paragraph on 2021 (preliminary). Its introduction and chapter 4 give different totals for 2020 (753.94 and 762.38 thousand t).", "quote": "Pada tahun 2013-2022, sebesar 73,00% atau 508,33 ribu ton adalah kopi robusta", "quotes": [ { "text": "sisanya sebanyak 27,00% atau 187,98 ribu ton adalah kopi jenis arabika.", "for": "arabica share 2013–2022" }, { "text": "95,64% diusahakan oleh perkebunan milik rakyat (PR)", "for": "smallholder share of area, 2021" }, { "text": "perkebunan besar milik negara (PBN) sebesar 2,07% dan perkebunan besar milik swasta (PBS) sebesar 2,29%.", "for": "state and private estates, 2021" }, { "text": "Provinsi Sumatera Selatan merupakan provinsi dengan kontribusi produksi kopi robusta paling tinggi yaitu sebesar 36,07%", "for": "robusta, South Sumatra" }, { "text": "Provinsi Lampung dan Bengkulu di urutan kedua dan ketiga dengan share produksi rata-rata 21,28% dan 11,18%", "for": "robusta, Lampung and Bengkulu" }, { "text": "Sentra produksi kopi arabika Indonesia terdapat di 4 provinsi dengan total share mencapai 81,88%", "for": "arabica centres" }, { "text": "Aceh dan Sumatera Utara dengan share 32,02% dan 31,98%", "for": "arabica, Aceh and North Sumatra" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "Ministry of Agriculture outlook; species shares 2013–2022, province shares 2018–2022 averages, area shares 2021", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s8", "title": "Statistik Perkebunan Indonesia Komoditas Kopi 2018–2020 (Tree Crop Estate Statistics of Indonesia: Coffee)", "authors": "Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan", "year": 2019, "publisher": "Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian (Ministry of Agriculture repository)", "url": "https://repository.pertanian.go.id/bitstreams/95e74a06-8ecd-49a0-b9db-4dc154b356fd/download", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Directorate General of Estate Crops (Ditjenbun). 2019 marked *) and 2020 marked **) (preliminary and estimate by the directorate’s usual convention; the markers are not defined in the text read). Area and production by status (smallholders PR, state estates PBN, private estates PBS) for 2018–2020; smallholder robusta (Tables 3.21, 3.24) and arabica (Tables 3.25, 3.28) by region with farm households (KK). Although their titles say “Menurut Provinsi”, the 2020 tables as read give only island-group rows (Sumatera, Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku + Papua) and the national total; province rows appear only in the 2018 tables (3.21, 3.25). The 2020 estimate (773,409 t) is higher than the later figure of 762,380 t in FAO’s series. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Luas Areal dan Produksi Kopi Robusta Perkebunan Rakyat Menurut Provinsi dan Keadaan Tanaman Tahun 2020", "quotes": [ { "text": "Luas Areal dan Produksi Kopi Arabika Perkebunan Rakyat Menurut Provinsi dan Keadaan Tanaman Tahun 2020", "for": "arabica table" }, { "text": "Luas Areal dan Produksi Kopi Menurut Provinsi dan Status Pengusahaan", "for": "status table" } ], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "Ditjenbun area and production by status 2018–2020 (2019 preliminary, 2020 estimate); smallholder species tables by island group, 2020", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s9", "title": "Statistik Perkebunan Indonesia Komoditas Kopi 2016–2018 (Tree Crop Estate Statistics of Indonesia: Coffee)", "authors": "Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan", "year": 2017, "publisher": "Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian (Ministry of Agriculture repository)", "url": "https://repository.pertanian.go.id/bitstreams/0e45d134-17f0-4c18-9514-64c9c780a635/download", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Table 5 gives area (ha) and production (t) for 34 provinces in 2018, all marked as estimates (Angka Estimasi). The province rows add up to 1,259,137 ha and 674,633 t against printed totals of 1,259,136 ha and 674,636 t. The final 2018 total in the next edition (source 8) is 756,051 t, so the province production values are early estimates. The preface date is cut off in the text read. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Luas Areal dan Produksi Kopi Menurut Provinsi dan Status Pengusahaan Tahun 2018**)", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "data", "context": "Ditjenbun area and production for 34 provinces, 2018, all estimates", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s10", "title": "Statistik Kopi Indonesia 2023 (Indonesian Coffee Statistics 2023)", "authors": "Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS-Statistics Indonesia)", "year": 2024, "publisher": "BPS-Statistics Indonesia, catalogue 5504006, ISSN 2714-8505", "url": "https://www.bps.go.id/en/publication/2024/11/29/d748d9bf594118fe112fc51e/statistik-kopi-indonesia-2023.html", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "National statistics office, released 29 November 2024. Only the publication page and its abstract could be read; the PDF and the tables could not be accessed. Used only for how the statistics are compiled.", "quote": "This publication presents data of area and production on coffee by province and by category of producers,", "quotes": [ { "text": "is an annual publication of BPS-Statistics Indonesia.", "for": "annual" }, { "text": "The data sources are the result of the Plantation Estate Survey 2023, smallholders data", "for": "data sources" }, { "text": "from Directorate General of Estate Crops, and data compilation of custom documents from Directorate General of Customs.", "for": "data sources" } ], "abstractOnly": true, "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Publication page and abstract only: content and data sources of the BPS coffee statistics", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s11", "title": "Influence of Storage of Wet Arabica Parchment Prior to Wet Hulling on Moulds Development, Ochratoxin A Contamination, and Cup Quality of Mandheling Coffee", "authors": "Ismayadi, C.; Marsh, A.; Clarke, R.", "year": 2005, "publisher": "Pelita Perkebunan (Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 21(2)", "url": "https://www.ccrjournal.com/index.php/ccrj/article/view/20", "doi": "10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v21i2.20", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Journal of the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute; abstract read.", "quote": "Mandheling coffee is produced by smallholder farmers in the highland surrounding Lake TobaNorth Sumatra", "quotes": [ { "text": "the parchments are then de-hulled when still wet", "for": "wet hulling; 40–45% moisture follows in brackets" }, { "text": "The normal wet process, drying of parchment thoroughly to 12% moisture content was used as the control.", "for": "control" } ], "abstractOnly": true, "scope": { "claim": "finding", "context": "Storage trial of wet parchment, Mandheling arabica, North Sumatra smallholders and collectors; abstract", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s12", "title": "Storage of wet Arabica parchment prior to wet hulling including the storage of dry green bean coffee (Project GCP/INT/743/CFC, Annex E.6)", "authors": "Marsh, A.", "publisher": "FAO", "url": "https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/agns/pdf/coffee/Annex-E.6.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Report of the 2004/05 North Sumatran trial (no year printed). The 35–45% refers to the Kemajuan huller as modified in the project; Annex 1 gives 40–50% for North Sumatran practice.", "quote": "Wet parchment is hulled at between 35 to 45% moisture content", "quotes": [ { "text": "before the wet parchment is eventually hulled wet, at 40-50% moisture content.", "for": "North Sumatran practice" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "FAO project report, 2004/05 North Sumatran trial; hulling moisture for the modified huller and for local practice", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s13", "title": "Flavor of arabica coffee grown in Gayo Plateau as affected by varieties and processing techniques", "authors": "Abubakar, Y.; Karim, A.; Fahlufi, F.", "year": 2011, "publisher": "Proceedings of the Annual International Conference, Syiah Kuala University 1(1), 70–75", "url": "https://library.sweetmarias.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Flavor-of-arabica-coffee-grown-in-Gayo-Palteau-as-affected-by-varieties-and-processing-techniques.pdf", "tier": "B", "tierNote": "University conference proceedings without stated peer review (Tier B). The sentence (Results and Discussion) compares wet-hulled with dry-hulled coffee. Used without numbers.", "quote": "Arabica coffee processed with wet hulling technique usually has low acidity with strong body taste", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "finding", "context": "Gayo highlands trial of varieties and wet versus dry hulling; organoleptic comparison, no peer review stated", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s14", "title": "Kopi Arabika Gayo (product specification, UK geographical indication)", "authors": "Applicant group for Kopi Arabika Gayo; published by the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs", "publisher": "GOV.UK", "url": "https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/665851b97b792ffff71a853c/Kopi_Arabika_Gayo.pdf", "tier": "A/B", "tierNote": "A for what the registered specification itself lays down (area, altitude, varieties, method, harvest period, finished moisture); B for its history narrative. It names the districts Aceh Tengah, Bener Meriah and Gayo Lues. It is internally inconsistent on fermentation time (12 or 36 h; 12 or 24 h) and on moisture at hulling; those values are not used. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "Arabica coffee is cultivated only between 900 – 1,700 m above the sea level.", "quotes": [ { "text": "produced at an elevation of between 900 m – 1700 m above sea level within three administrative districts", "for": "area" }, { "text": "These varieties can be used as single variety or mixed.", "for": "varieties (Timtim, Ateng Jaluk, Borbor, P-88, S795)" }, { "text": "processed by the typical \"Sumatra semi-washed method\" also know as \"wet hulling\" method.", "for": "method" }, { "text": "the water content is 12-12,5%", "for": "final moisture" }, { "text": "The harvest time begins from September until May or June.", "for": "harvest" }, { "text": "which was granted on 28 of April 2010.", "for": "Indonesian registration" }, { "text": "The first variety that entered Indonesia was Arabica (Coffea arabika, L) in 1696.", "for": "history (Tier B)" }, { "text": "in 1699 more seedlings were brought in and spread around Jakarta and West Java", "for": "1699 (Tier B)" } ], "scope": { "claim": "guidance", "context": "Registered UK GI specification for Kopi Arabika Gayo (Aceh Tengah, Bener Meriah, Gayo Lues); history section is narrative", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s15", "title": "Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/870 of 15 May 2017 entering a name in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications (Kopi Arabika Gayo (PGI))", "authors": "European Commission", "year": 2017, "publisher": "Official Journal of the European Union; text read on legislation.gov.uk", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2017/870/data.html", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "EU regulation as retained on legislation.gov.uk (The National Archives); EUR-Lex is closed to robots. Application published in OJ C 403, 1.11.2016, p. 5.", "quote": "The name ‘Kopi Arabika Gayo’ (PGI) is hereby entered in the register.", "quotes": [ { "text": "The name specified in the first paragraph denotes a product in Class 1.8.", "for": "product class" } ], "scope": { "claim": "definition", "context": "EU registration of Kopi Arabika Gayo as PGI, class 1.8", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s16", "title": "Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) 2026/2336 de la Comisión de 14 de octubre de 2026 («Flores Bajawa» (IGP))", "authors": "European Commission", "year": 2026, "publisher": "Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea, Spanish edition (copy at boe.es)", "url": "https://www.boe.es/doue/2026/2336/L00001-00001.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Official Journal, Spanish language version, read on the Spanish state gazette’s DOUE mirror; EUR-Lex is closed to robots. Application published in OJ C, C/2026/3210, 12.6.2026; regulation published in OJ L on 21.10.2026, in force 20 days later.", "quote": "la indicación geográfica «Flores Bajawa» (IGP).", "quotes": [ { "text": "2026/2336 DE LA COMISIÓN de 14 de octubre de 2026", "for": "number and date" } ], "scope": { "claim": "definition", "context": "EU registration of Flores Bajawa as PGI", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s17", "title": "Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) 2026/2339 de la Comisión de 14 de octubre de 2026 («Kopi Arabika Flores Manggarai» (IGP))", "authors": "European Commission", "year": 2026, "publisher": "Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea, Spanish edition (copy at boe.es)", "url": "https://www.boe.es/doue/2026/2339/L00001-00002.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Official Journal, Spanish language version, read on the Spanish state gazette’s DOUE mirror; EUR-Lex is closed to robots. Application published in OJ C, C/2026/3212, 16.6.2026; regulation published in OJ L on 21.10.2026, in force 20 days later.", "quote": "la indicación geográfica «Kopi Arabika Flores Manggarai» (IGP).", "quotes": [ { "text": "2026/2339 DE LA COMISIÓN de 14 de octubre de 2026", "for": "number and date" } ], "scope": { "claim": "definition", "context": "EU registration of Kopi Arabika Flores Manggarai as PGI", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s18", "title": "Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Ngada Nomor 6 Tahun 2016 tentang Perlindungan Kopi Arabika Flores Bajawa sebagai Kopi Spesialti", "authors": "Pemerintah Kabupaten Ngada", "year": 2016, "publisher": "Database Peraturan, Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK RI)", "url": "https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/258080/Perda%20Ngada%20No.%206%20Tahun%202016.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Regency regulation enacted on 7 March 2016. It refers to the GI certificate but gives no number or date. The 900 m minimum defines the GI area (Kawasan IG). Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "ketinggian minimal 900 meter diatas permukaan", "quotes": [ { "text": "Kecamatan Bajawa, Golewa Barat dan Golewa", "for": "districts" }, { "text": "pengolahan basah giling kering atau pengolahan basah giling basah", "for": "processing" }, { "text": "bersertifikat paten Indikasi Geografis", "for": "GI certificate" } ], "scope": { "claim": "guidance", "context": "Ngada regency regulation on Kopi Arabika Flores Bajawa: GI area (three districts, at least 900 m), varieties, processing", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s19", "title": "Geographical Indications in Indonesia (seminar presentation, SCOPE IPR)", "authors": "Siregar, H. (Director of Trademark and Geographical Indications, Directorate General of Intellectual Property)", "year": 2025, "publisher": "Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DGIP), Ministry of Law, Indonesia; hosted by the EU SCOPE IPR project", "url": "https://internationalipcooperation.eu/sites/default/files/SCOPEIPR/SCOPEIPR-DOCS/SCOPEIPR-IP-Documents/SCOPEIPR-2025-GI-Indonesia.pdf", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Presentation by the official in charge of the register; undated in the text read (year from the file name). A for what it states about the Indonesian register. Read through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "First registered GI in 2008, Kopi Arabika Kintamani Bali", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Presentation by the DGIP director for trademarks and GIs on the Indonesian GI register", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s20", "title": "Geographical Indication in Indonesia (presentation, WIPO meeting document wipo_geo_yty_17_21)", "authors": "Not named", "year": 2017, "publisher": "World Intellectual Property Organization (meeting document)", "url": "https://Wipo.Int/edocs/mdocs/geoind/en/wipo_geo_yty_17/wipo_geo_yty_17_21.pdf", "tier": "B", "tierNote": "Meeting presentation without a named author or date; Tier B. Its registration number for Kopi Arabika Gayo (ID G 0005) and its count of 19 coffee GIs are not used (one Tier B source). It also lists the Gayo registration as 28 April 2010.", "quote": "Gayo arabica coffee has been listed as an GI in Indonesia since 2010 and in EU 2017/870 of 15-5-2017.", "quotes": [], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "WIPO meeting presentation on GIs in Indonesia, no author named", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s21", "title": "The genome and population genomics of allopolyploid Coffea arabica reveal the diversification history of modern coffee cultivars", "authors": "Salojärvi, J.; Rambani, A.; Yu, Z.; Guyot, R.; et al.", "year": 2024, "publisher": "Nature Genetics 56(4), 721–731", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-024-01695-w", "doi": "10.1038/s41588-024-01695-w", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "The history passage in the introduction is background, not a finding of the study; the two sentences used carry no reference. It names neither Java, Batavia nor Malabar, gives no 1696 or 1699, and does not say where the 1706 plant came from. Read on nature.com through a summarising fetch.", "quote": "A century later, the Dutch began cultivating Arabica in Southeast Asia", "quotes": [ { "text": "One plant, shipped to Amsterdam in 1706, was used to establish Arabica cultivation in the Caribbean in 1723.", "for": "1706" } ], "scope": { "claim": "cited", "context": "Introduction background on the history of arabica cultivars; no reference for the sentences used", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s22", "title": "History of Arabica", "authors": "World Coffee Research", "publisher": "World Coffee Research", "url": "https://varieties.worldcoffeeresearch.org/arabica-2/history-of-arabica", "tier": "B", "tierNote": "WCR history narrative (Tier B). The page gives no source for the 1690, 1696, 1699 and 1706 dates.", "quote": "The Typica branch likely separated from Bourbon when the Dutch sent seeds in 1696 and 1699", "quotes": [ { "text": "from Malabar coast of India to Batavia, today called Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia,", "for": "route" }, { "text": "The Dutch had attempted to introduce seeds from Yemen directly to Batavia in 1690,", "for": "1690 attempt (not used; one Tier B source)" }, { "text": "From this Typica group introduced in Indonesia, a single coffee plant was taken in 1706 from Java to Amsterdam", "for": "1706" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "WCR history narrative of arabica; no sources given for the dates", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s23", "title": "Timeline of Milestone (coffee exhibition panel text)", "authors": "Museum Nasional Indonesia", "year": 2022, "publisher": "Museum Nasional Indonesia", "url": "https://www.museumnasional.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/4-Timeline-of-Milestone_ENG.docx.pdf", "tier": "B", "tierNote": "Exhibition timeline of the national museum, without authors or sources; treated as a history narrative (Tier B). Year from the upload path. Its dates for leaf rust (1875), robusta in Malang (1900) and robusta in Kerinci and South Sumatra (1915–1920) are not used alone. Its 1696 entry is an order to the Dutch East India Company’s commander in Malabar to plant coffee in Java; its 1699 entry has the Governor-General bring arabica seeds to be planted around Batavia. Its 1706 entry is an analysis of seeds from Java in Amsterdam, not a plant. Prepared independently of World Coffee Research as far as can be seen; neither cites a source.", "quote": "Henricus Zwaardecron, brought Coffea arabica seeds", "quotes": [ { "text": "gave orders to Adrian van Ommen, the VOC Commander in Malabar", "for": "1696" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "National Museum exhibition timeline, no authors or sources", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s24", "title": "Mobilizing Labour for the Global Coffee Market: Profits from an Unfree Work Regime in Colonial Java", "authors": "Breman, J.", "year": 2015, "publisher": "Amsterdam University Press (Social Histories of Work in Asia)", "url": "https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32864", "doi": "10.26530/OAPEN_597440", "tier": "B", "tierNote": "Academic monograph, open access; only the abstract on OAPEN was read. Tier B; used without numbers. The abstract places the first purchases from peasant producers in the Priangan highlands.", "quote": "Coffee has been grown on Java for the commercial market since the early eighteenth century", "quotes": [ { "text": "What began as a commercial transaction, however, soon became a system of compulsory production.", "for": "compulsory production" } ], "abstractOnly": true, "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "Abstract of a monograph on coffee and forced labour in colonial Java (Priangan)", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s25", "title": "Phenotypic Variability of Liberoid Coffee (C. liberica and C. dewevrei) Across Sumatera and Javanese Landscapes: Foundational Insights for Coffee-based Agroforestry", "authors": "Faronny, D. I.; Rahma, M. J.; Pradhana, A.; Nurrofik, A.; Sunarharum, W. B.; Hakim, L.; Soemarno; Nillian, E.; Mahatmanto, T.", "year": 2026, "publisher": "Tropical Life Sciences Research (early view, 26 August 2026)", "url": "https://ejournal.usm.my/tlsr/article/download/7664/early_view/13370", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "The 1873 date and the introduction from Liberia are cited by the authors from Burgers (2010) and Cramer (1957); they are not the study’s findings. The 1873 sentence names no place.", "quote": "as a biological solution to the leaf rust epidemic (Hemileia vastatrix)", "quotes": [ { "text": "Nevertheless, this coffee was widely disseminated by 1873 to combat leaf rust devastating C. arabica", "for": "liberica by 1873 (citing earlier work)" }, { "text": "this group was introduced from Liberia to Indonesia during the Dutch colonial period", "for": "introduction (citing earlier work)" }, { "text": "represents Liberoid coffee agroforestry growing on peatland", "for": "Jambi peatland site" } ], "scope": { "claim": "cited", "context": "Introduction and discussion of a phenotypic study of liberoid coffee in Sumatra and Java; history cited from Burgers 2010 and Cramer 1957", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s26", "title": "A review of the indigenous coffee resources of Uganda and their potential for coffee sector sustainability and development", "authors": "Davis, A. P.; Kiwuka, C.; Faruk, A.; Mulumba, J.; Kalema, J.", "year": 2023, "publisher": "Frontiers in Plant Science 13, 1057317", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1057317/pdf", "doi": "10.3389/fpls.2022.1057317", "tier": "A", "quote": "It is worth noting that wild species were used to sustain the global coffee industry in response to the devasting influence of CLR at the end of nineteenth century, firstly using C. liberica, from c. 1875–1900, and then C. canephora from the early 1900s onwards (McCook, 2014; Davis et al., 2019; McCook, 2019; Davis et al., 2022).", "quotes": [ { "text": "In Indonesia, crosses between C. liberica var. liberica and C. arabica", "for": "liberica × arabica hybrids (citing Cramer 1957)" }, { "text": "which also have a high degree of resistance to coffee leaf rust", "for": "Kalimas and Kawisari" } ], "scope": { "claim": "cited", "context": "Review on Ugandan coffee resources; global and Indonesian history cited from McCook, Davis and Cramer 1957", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s27", "title": "Out of Africa: the genomic footprints of Vietnamese Robusta coffee", "authors": "Vi, T.; Le, T. N.; Cubry, P.; Phan, V. H.; Dinh, T. T. O.; Tran, T. B. N.; Nguyen, V. T.; Millet, C. P.; Kambale, J.-L.; Manzan Karine, G. K.; Musoli, P.; Sumirat, U.; Mahinga, J. C.; Stoffelen, P.; Zhang, D.; Marraccini, P.; Vigouroux, Y.; Khong, N. G.; Poncet, V.", "year": 2025, "publisher": "PLOS One 20(5), e0324988", "url": "https://rcastoragev2.blob.core.windows.net/eaefa600b79596af7d25b603a15e2d7e/pone.0324988.pdf", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0324988", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "The route of robusta to South-East Asia around 1900 via Java (refs 14, 22, 78: Cramer 1957, Coste 1955, Verleysen 2023) and the first breeding programme in Java (ref 20) are cited by the authors, not their own findings. The Lampung sentence carries no reference and is not a result of the study.", "quote": "All Vietnamese Robusta accessions displayed Congo Basin (ER group) origins, albeit to various extents.", "quotes": [ { "text": "from Sankuru (DRC) to Southeast Asia around 1900 via the Java Coffee Research Station, Indonesia", "for": "robusta to Java (citing earlier work)" }, { "text": "A first large-scale breeding program was set up in Java, Indonesia, in the 1900s", "for": "breeding in Java (citing earlier work)" }, { "text": "Indeed, clones derived from ER x Kouilou hybrids were grown in the Lampung region of Indonesia.", "for": "Lampung clones" } ], "scope": { "claim": "cited", "context": "Genomic study of Vietnamese robusta; Java history cited from Cramer 1957, Coste 1955, Verleysen 2023; Lampung sentence unreferenced", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s28", "title": "Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) (AGRIS data provider)", "authors": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, AGRIS", "publisher": "FAO AGRIS", "url": "https://www.fao.org/agris/data-provider/indonesian-coffee-and-cocoa-research-institute", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "FAO page describing the institute as an AGRIS data provider; the description is presumably supplied by the institute. It names the institute’s Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal.", "quote": "established on 1 January 1911 under the name of Besoekisch Proefstation in Jember, East Java, Indonesia.", "quotes": [ { "text": "The scope of research and development covers plant breeding and biotechnology, agronomy,", "for": "mandate" } ], "scope": { "claim": "description", "context": "FAO AGRIS data-provider page on ICCRI", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s29", "title": "Morphological variation among fifteen superior robusta coffee clones in Lampung Province, Indonesia", "authors": "Ramadiana, S.; Hapsoro, D.; Yusnita, Y.", "year": 2018, "publisher": "Biodiversitas 19(4), 1475–1481", "url": "https://www.smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/2817", "doi": "10.13057/biodiv/d190438", "tier": "A", "quote": "The fifteen clones consisted of four clones released by the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI),", "quotes": [ { "text": "together with eleven superior coffee clones selected by farmers from Tanggamus District.", "for": "farmer clones" } ], "abstractOnly": true, "scope": { "claim": "finding", "context": "Morphological comparison of 15 robusta clones (4 ICCRI, 11 farmer-selected), Lampung; abstract", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s30", "title": "Digested Civet Coffee Beans (Kopi Luwak): An Unfortunate Trend in Specialty Coffee Caused by Mislabeling of Coffea liberica?", "authors": "Lachenmeier, D. W.; Schwarz, S.", "year": 2021, "publisher": "Foods 10(6), 1329", "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/6/1329/htm", "doi": "10.3390/foods10061329", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "A commentary (so labelled by the journal), not a review or an experiment; the liberica explanation is the authors’ hypothesis.", "quote": "In the context of animal protection, the trend of digested coffees such as Kopi Luwak produced by civet cats in captivity should not be endorsed.", "quotes": [ { "text": "As wild civets may prefer Coffea liberica beans, due to their higher sugar content,", "for": "liberica hypothesis" }, { "text": "One of the first descriptions of Kopi Luwak, from Brehm in 1883", "for": "1883 description" } ], "scope": { "claim": "hypothesis", "context": "Commentary on kopi luwak chemistry; liberica preference of wild civets proposed as an explanation", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s31", "title": "Winner or loser of climate change? A modeling study of current and future climatic suitability of Arabica coffee in Indonesia", "authors": "Schroth, G.; Läderach, P.; Blackburn Cuero, D. S.; Neilson, J.; Bunn, C.", "year": 2015, "publisher": "Regional Environmental Change 15, 1473–1482", "url": "https://core.ac.uk/download/193899409.pdf", "doi": "10.1007/s10113-014-0713-x", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Author copy on CORE, read through a summarising fetch. Six production zones: Aceh, North Sumatra, Sulawesi, Flores, Bali and East Java; horizon 2050.", "quote": "This is projected to affect 84 % of the current coffee production zones.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Focusing on the country's main Arabica production zones in Sumatra, Sulawesi, Flores, Bali and Java,", "for": "scope" }, { "text": "Only in Java, where the current coffee production zone is much smaller than the climatically suitable area,", "for": "Java" }, { "text": "However, this forced adaptation process could become a major driver of deforestation in the highlands.", "for": "deforestation risk" } ], "scope": { "claim": "finding", "context": "Climate suitability model for arabica, six Indonesian production zones, horizon 2050", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, { "id": "s32", "title": "Projected Shifts in Coffea arabica Suitability among Major Global Producing Regions Due to Climate Change", "authors": "Ovalle-Rivera, O.; Läderach, P.; Bunn, C.; Obersteiner, M.; Schroth, G.", "year": 2015, "publisher": "PLOS One 10(4), e0124155", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4397088/fullTextXML", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0124155", "tier": "A", "tierNote": "Full text read through Europe PMC (PMC4397088), summarising fetch. The upward shift of suitable climate for Indonesia and the Pacific islands is the study’s own result (2050s); the latitude sentence describes the study region.", "quote": "The coffee areas in Indonesia and the Pacific islands are at latitudes 3°N–10°S.", "quotes": [ { "text": "In Indonesia and the Pacific islands, suitable climates would also shift upward from the current 500–2000 masl to 800–2300 masl.", "for": "altitude shift 500–2,000 m to 800–2,300 m" }, { "text": "Only small changes in rainfall are predicted in Indonesia and the Pacific Islands.", "for": "rainfall" } ], "scope": { "claim": "finding", "context": "Global climate suitability model for arabica; Indonesia and the Pacific islands, 2050s", "checked": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" }, "accessed": "2026-11-02T00:00:00.000Z" } ], "markdown": "## Snapshot\n\nIndonesia is the fourth-largest coffee producer by FAO count, after Brazil, Vietnam and Colombia (our calculation).3 FAO puts its 2024 crop at 807,578 t of green coffee, 7.3% of the total of 78 countries (our calculation).3 The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates 12.37 million bags of 60 kg for 2025/26.1 That is 6.9% of the world total of 178.8 million bags (our calculation).1\n\nMost of the crop is robusta (*C. canephora*). In USDA’s 2025/26 figures, 11.0 million bags were robusta and 1.37 million arabica.1 Indonesia thus grew 13.0% of the world’s robusta (our calculation).1 The national sources give a lower robusta share, about 73% (see Contested).7\n\nIndonesians drink much of their own coffee. USDA forecasts domestic consumption of 4.81 million bags in 2025/26, 38.9% of the crop (our calculation).5,1 USDA reports Indonesia in an April–March marketing year.1\n\n## Where coffee grows\n\nSumatra grows 70–75% of Indonesia’s green coffee, according to USDA’s Jakarta office.5 Robusta is centred in the south of the island: South Sumatra, Lampung and Bengkulu.5 North Sumatra and Aceh, in the north, are the main arabica region.5,7 Smaller arabica areas lie in the highlands of Java, Sulawesi and Papua.5\n\n
\n
\n
Interactive relief map of western and central Indonesia. Layers: coffee area by province in 2018 (estimate), with production in 2018 and, for the eight largest provinces, 2024 (preliminary); geographical indications; the research institute at Jember; and places in coffee history.9,6,14,15,16,17,18,19,28,22,23,24,11
\n
\n\n**Provinces.** In the agriculture ministry’s 2024 figures, South Sumatra grew 209,469 t and Lampung 141,927 t.6 North Sumatra grew 91,905 t, Aceh 71,084 t and Bengkulu 54,087 t.6 These five Sumatran provinces grew 70.4% of the national crop (our calculation).6 East Java, South Sulawesi and Central Java follow.6 The full table is under Coffee by province.\n\n**Altitude.** No national altitude survey was consulted. The registered specification for Kopi Arabika Gayo, in the highlands of Aceh, limits its arabica to 900–1,700 m.14 A regency regulation for Flores Bajawa sets a minimum of 900 m.18 A 2015 modelling study gives the latitudes of the coffee areas in Indonesia and the Pacific islands as 3°N–10°S.32\n\n
\n
\n
Section across northern Sumatra, from the west coast of Aceh over the Gayo highlands at Takengon to the Strait of Malacca. Shaded: the 900–1,700 m band of the Kopi Arabika Gayo specification; the bracket marks where the line crosses its regencies. Dashed: climates suitable for arabica in Indonesia in a 2015 model, 500–2,000 m today; dotted: 800–2,300 m by the 2050s. Terrain from 0.05° mean relief, so peaks appear lower than they are.14,32
\n
\n\n## Climate and harvest\n\nIndonesia harvests its two species at different times. In Jambi and South Sumatra, robusta picking began in late April to May 2025.5 USDA expected the main robusta harvest to peak in June and July.5 Arabica is harvested twice a year: first in April and May, then from September or October.5 Harvest calendars compares origins.\n\n**Gayo.** The Gayo specification gives a longer season: from September until May or June.14\n\n**Weather.** USDA calls a balance of sunlight and rainfall after flowering crucial for the crop.5 For 2026/27, USDA forecasts a fall of 1.0 million bags.1 It blames excessive rainfall, which disrupted flowering and cherry formation in the lowlands of southern Sumatra and Java.1\n\n## Farms and people\n\nIndonesian coffee is a smallholder crop. Smallholder plantations of 1–2 ha on average hold 98% of the area, according to USDA.5 The national statistics separate three kinds of producer: smallholders, state estates and private estates.6,10 In Indonesian these are *perkebunan rakyat* (PR), *perkebunan besar negara* (PBN) and *perkebunan besar swasta* (PBS).6\n\n**Estates.** In the estate crops directorate’s 2020 estimate, smallholders held 1,221,223 ha of 1,264,331 ha.8 State estates held 20,143 ha and private estates 22,965 ha.8 USDA describes a few large private plantations, of around 2,000 ha, in Sulawesi and Sumatra.5 A state-owned company runs a large robusta plantation in East Java.5\n\n**Households.** The directorate counts farm households in its smallholder tables. Its 2020 estimate lists 1,222,358 households for robusta and 659,833 for arabica.8 The two tables are separate, so a household growing both may be counted twice.\n\n**Area.** The agriculture ministry gives 1.27 million ha for 2024 (preliminary).6 USDA forecasts a steady 1.2 million ha for 2025/26.5 Many farmers rely on local planting material, and quality seedlings are little used.5 Living income gives a reference price for Gayo arabica in Aceh.\n\n## Species and varieties\n\n**Robusta.** Robusta is the main crop of the southern Sumatran lowlands.5 A 2018 study in Lampung compared 4 clones released by the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) with 11 clones selected by farmers.29\n\n**Arabica.** The Gayo specification allows the varieties Timtim, Ateng Jaluk, Borbor, P-88 and S795, alone or mixed.14 The Ngada regulation for Flores Bajawa names S 795, Andung San, K Timor, Kartika and Katura.18 No source consulted gives the share of the area under each variety. Arabica varieties describes these lineages.\n\n**Liberica and excelsa.** Liberica coffee (*C. liberica*) still grows in Indonesia, for example on peat in the lowlands of Jambi.25 In Indonesia, crosses of liberica with arabica gave hybrids with a high degree of leaf rust resistance, according to a 2023 review citing older work.26 Liberica and excelsa covers both.\n\n## Processing\n\nWet hulling, called *giling basah* in Indonesian, is described as the typical method for Sumatran arabica.14 The parchment is taken off while the seed is still wet, and the naked seed is dried afterwards.11,14 In the usual washed process, parchment coffee is dried first and hulled later.11\n\n**Mandheling and Gayo.** Smallholders around Lake Toba in North Sumatra make Mandheling coffee this way.11 The Gayo specification names the “Sumatra semi-washed method”, also called wet hulling.14 In Flores, the Ngada regulation allows both wet hulling and drying in parchment before hulling.18 Wet hulling explains the steps and the risks.\n\n**Cup.** A trial in the Gayo highlands found low acidity and strong body in wet-hulled coffee, compared with dry-hulled coffee, according to its authors.13\n\n**Kopi luwak.** Kopi luwak is coffee whose seeds have passed through civets that ate the cherries.30 A 2021 commentary argues that coffee from civets kept in captivity should not be endorsed, for reasons of animal protection.30 It cites a description from 1883 as one of the first.30\n\n## History\n\n**Legend and evidence.** World Coffee Research dates Dutch shipments of arabica seed from India’s Malabar coast to Batavia (now Jakarta) to 1696 and 1699.22 An exhibition timeline of Indonesia’s National Museum gives the same two years. In 1696, it says, the Dutch East India Company’s commander in Malabar was ordered to plant coffee in Java; in 1699 arabica seeds were planted around Batavia.23 The Gayo product specification also names 1696 and 1699.14 These are history narratives that cite no records. A 2024 genomic study states only that the Dutch began growing arabica in South-East Asia about a century after 1600.21\n\n**Java and the world.** One plant was shipped to Amsterdam in 1706.21,22 According to World Coffee Research, it came from Java and founded the Typica lineage that spread to the Americas.22\n\n**Forced cultivation.** Coffee was grown on Java for the commercial market from the early 18th century, according to a 2015 history of colonial labour.24 It describes how the Dutch East India Company’s purchases from peasant producers in the Priangan highlands soon became compulsory production.24\n\n**Leaf rust, liberica, robusta.** Coffee leaf rust devastated arabica growing at the end of the 19th century.26 Growers turned first to liberica and then, from the early 1900s, to robusta.26 A 2026 study, citing earlier work, says liberica was brought to Indonesia from Liberia against the rust and was widely spread by 1873; the sentence with the date names no place.25 Robusta reached South-East Asia around 1900 through the Java Coffee Research Station, according to a 2025 genetic study, citing earlier work.27\n\n**Research.** The research station at Jember, East Java, opened on 1 January 1911 as the Besoekisch Proefstation.28 It is now ICCRI.28\n\n## Trade and institutions\n\n**Exports.** USDA counts exports of 8.84 million bags in 2025/26.1 Of these, 7.84 million were green coffee and 0.95 million soluble coffee.1 The largest markets for green coffee in 2024/25 were the EU, the United States, Egypt, Malaysia, India and Japan.5 In the agriculture ministry’s figures, the United States took 18.77% of export value in 2024.6\n\n**Statistics.** The national statistics office, Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), publishes Indonesian Coffee Statistics every year.10 It combines an estate survey, smallholder data from the estate crops directorate and customs records.10 The agriculture ministry’s data centre publishes the directorate’s production figures.6\n\n**Geographical indications.** Indonesia registered its first geographical indication (GI) in 2008: Kopi Arabika Kintamani Bali.19 Kopi Arabika Gayo followed on 28 April 2010.14,20 The European Union registered Kopi Arabika Gayo as a PGI in 2017.15 By regulations of 14 October 2026, published on 21 October, it added Flores Bajawa and Kopi Arabika Flores Manggarai.16,17\n\n**EUDR.** USDA reports that exporters were preparing for the EU deforestation regulation in 2025.5\n\n\n\n## Production over time\n\nThe FAO series runs from 1961. Production was 103,100 t in 1961 and passed 300,000 t in 1981.2 It reached 554,574 t in 2000 and 682,019 t in 2002.2 It then stayed between 638,600 t (2011) and 698,016 t (2008) until 2016.2 From 2017 it rose again, to the series high of 807,578 t in 2024.2 That is 7.8 times the 1961 value (our calculation).2\n\n
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Green coffee production of Indonesia, 1961–2024, in thousand tonnes, from FAO statistics by calendar year. The highest value is the last, 807,578 t in 2024.2
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\n\n| Year | t | Year | t | Year | t | Year | t |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| 1961 | 103,1002 | 1977 | 193,9662 | 1993 | 438,8682 | 2009 | 682,5912 |\n| 1962 | 106,7002 | 1978 | 222,6902 | 1994 | 450,1912 | 2010 | 684,0762 |\n| 1963 | 139,6002 | 1979 | 273,6752 | 1995 | 457,8012 | 2011 | 638,6002 |\n| 1964 | 118,2002 | 1980 | 294,9732 | 1996 | 421,7512 | 2012 | 691,1632 |\n| 1965 | 134,5002 | 1981 | 314,8992 | 1997 | 426,8002 | 2013 | 675,8002 |\n| 1966 | 142,2002 | 1982 | 281,2512 | 1998 | 512,1652 | 2014 | 643,9002 |\n| 1967 | 153,4782 | 1983 | 305,6482 | 1999 | 524,6872 | 2015 | 639,4122 |\n| 1968 | 157,3472 | 1984 | 315,4892 | 2000 | 554,5742 | 2016 | 639,3052 |\n| 1969 | 173,6132 | 1985 | 311,3982 | 2001 | 569,2342 | 2017 | 717,9622 |\n| 1970 | 185,0912 | 1986 | 356,8222 | 2002 | 682,0192 | 2018 | 756,0512 |\n| 1971 | 180,9162 | 1987 | 388,6692 | 2003 | 663,5712 | 2019 | 752,5122 |\n| 1972 | 178,7352 | 1988 | 391,0952 | 2004 | 647,3852 | 2020 | 762,3802 |\n| 1973 | 150,1632 | 1989 | 401,0482 | 2005 | 640,3652 | 2021 | 786,1912 |\n| 1974 | 149,8112 | 1990 | 412,7672 | 2006 | 682,1582 | 2022 | 774,9612 |\n| 1975 | 170,3722 | 1991 | 428,3052 | 2007 | 676,4752 | 2023 | 758,7252 |\n| 1976 | 193,3772 | 1992 | 436,9302 | 2008 | 698,0162 | 2024 | 807,5782 |\n\nFAO gives 774,960.5 t for 2022; the table rounds it.2\n\n**FAO and the national figures.** FAO’s recent values equal the estate crops directorate’s figures for the same calendar year (our reading).2,6,8 FAO’s 756,051 t for 2018 is the directorate’s total for 2018.2,8 FAO’s values for 2021, 2023 and 2024 are those of the ministry’s 2025 table: 786,191 t, 758,725 t and 807,578 t.2,6 The directorate’s early estimates can differ from its later figures: it estimated 773,409 t for 2020, while the series now holds 762,380 t.8,2\n\n**Yield.** FAO’s average yield was 636 kg/ha in 2024.4 It was 567 kg/ha in 1961 and fell to its lowest, 433 kg/ha, in 2001.4 It has stayed above 590 kg/ha since 2018.4 Coffee yields compares origins.\n\n**USDA’s recent series.** In USDA’s tables, production was 10.58 million bags in 2021/22, 10.70 in 2022/23, 8.15 in 2023/24, 10.70 in 2024/25 and 12.37 in 2025/26.1 USDA forecasts 11.38 million bags for 2026/27.1 Arabica stayed between 1.20 and 1.40 million bags in all six years; robusta carried the swings, from 6.80 million (2023/24) to 11.00 million (2025/26).1 USDA uses an April–March marketing year; FAO uses calendar years.1,3\n\n## Coffee by province\n\nThe latest province table consulted is the agriculture ministry’s for 2021–2025, from the estate crops directorate.6 It lists the eight largest provinces and groups the rest.6 The 2024 values are preliminary.6 The tables of the statistics office could not be accessed.10\n\n
\n
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Coffee production by province in 2024 (preliminary), in tonnes, with province names in English. The eight provinces named in the source; all others grouped. Data: Ministry of Agriculture, from the Directorate General of Estate Crops.6
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\n\n| Province | 2021 (t) | 2022 (t) | 2023 (t) | 2024 (t), preliminary | Share 2024 (our calculation) | Average share 2021–2025 |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| South Sumatra (Sumatera Selatan) | 211,6816 | 208,043 | 207,320 | 209,469 | 25.9% | 26.81%6 |\n| Lampung | 116,2816 | 113,739 | 105,807 | 141,927 | 17.6% | 15.08%6 |\n| North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara) | 80,8716 | 86,476 | 89,610 | 91,905 | 11.4% | 11.22%6 |\n| Aceh | 74,3286 | 70,353 | 71,084 | 71,084 | 8.8% | 9.18%6 |\n| Bengkulu | 62,8496 | 59,857 | 50,745 | 54,087 | 6.7% | 7.26%6 |\n| East Java (Jawa Timur) | 45,9146 | 47,995 | 47,577 | 48,054 | 6.0% | 6.09%6 |\n| South Sulawesi (Sulawesi Selatan) | 34,2436 | 30,148 | 30,727 | 30,626 | 3.8% | 4.01%6 |\n| Central Java (Jawa Tengah) | 27,2316 | 25,972 | 27,227 | 26,916 | 3.3% | 3.44%6 |\n| Other provinces | 132,7936 | 132,378 | 128,627 | 133,510 | 16.5% | 16.89%6 |\n| Total | 786,1916 | 774,961 | 758,725 | 807,578 | 100% | 100%6 |\n\nAll values in the table are from the same ministry table.6 The rows add up exactly to each printed total for 2024 (our calculation).6 Lampung’s 2024 value is 34% above its 2023 value (our calculation), while most provinces changed little.6 Aceh shows the same value in 2023 and 2024.6 For 2025 the ministry lists 784,084 t, without stating the status of the figure.6\n\n**Area by province.** The newest table of area for every province consulted is the directorate’s estimate for 2018.9 Its production values were early estimates: the printed total is 674,636 t, against the final 756,051 t for 2018.9,8 The table below therefore gives area first.\n\n| Province (as in the source) | Area 2018 (ha), estimate | Share of area (our calculation) | Production 2018 (t), early estimate |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| Sumatera Selatan | 264,3379 | 21.0% | 118,947 |\n| Lampung | 162,0209 | 12.9% | 118,078 |\n| Aceh | 123,7269 | 9.8% | 69,515 |\n| Jawa Timur | 107,2489 | 8.5% | 66,179 |\n| Bengkulu | 90,9539 | 7.2% | 60,468 |\n| Sumatera Utara | 85,7939 | 6.8% | 66,527 |\n| Sulawesi Selatan | 74,1539 | 5.9% | 30,230 |\n| Nusa Tenggara Timur | 67,2149 | 5.3% | 22,479 |\n| Jawa Tengah | 40,5319 | 3.2% | 18,924 |\n| Sumatera Barat | 39,0299 | 3.1% | 22,115 |\n| Jawa Barat | 36,7279 | 2.9% | 17,016 |\n| Bali | 35,3959 | 2.8% | 17,560 |\n| Jambi | 27,6469 | 2.2% | 14,237 |\n| 21 other provinces (Jakarta: none) | 104,3659 | 8.3% | 32,358 |\n| Indonesia (as printed) | 1,259,1369 | 100% | 674,6369 |\n\nThe province rows add up to 1,259,137 ha and 674,633 t; the printed totals are used.9 The ten Sumatran provinces held 63.4% of the area (our calculation).9 South Sumatra, Lampung and Bengkulu alone held 41.1% (our calculation).9\n\n## Robusta and arabica\n\n| Island group | Robusta area (ha) | Robusta (t) | Robusta households | Arabica area (ha) | Arabica (t) | Arabica households |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Sumatera | 585,7958 | 412,544 | 516,487 | 197,4258 | 139,092 | 229,194 |\n| Jawa | 114,2368 | 67,859 | 406,804 | 54,4448 | 22,251 | 284,043 |\n| Nusa Tenggara | 86,8978 | 34,401 | 155,313 | 35,2048 | 11,985 | 52,153 |\n| Kalimantan | 21,5278 | 5,920 | 39,898 | – | – | – |\n| Sulawesi | 57,0538 | 20,343 | 99,263 | 55,4348 | 25,791 | 80,342 |\n| Maluku + Papua | 1,8348 | 501 | 4,593 | 11,3748 | 2,720 | 14,101 |\n| Indonesia | 867,3428 | 541,569 | 1,222,358 | 353,8808 | 201,839 | 659,833 |\n\nThe table gives smallholder coffee only, in the directorate’s 2020 estimate.8 Robusta was 72.8% of smallholder output (our calculation).8 Kalimantan shows no arabica.8 Java has more arabica households than Sumatra on less than a third of Sumatra’s arabica area.8 Holdings there are therefore smaller on average (our reading).\n\n**Main provinces by species.** Over 2018–2022, South Sumatra grew 36.07% of the robusta, Lampung 21.28% and Bengkulu 11.18%, according to the ministry’s outlook.7 Four provinces grew 81.88% of the arabica: Aceh 32.02%, North Sumatra 31.98%, South Sulawesi and West Sumatra.7 The outlook’s figures for East and Central Java contradict each other and are not used.7\n\n**USDA and the national figures.** USDA puts robusta at 88.9% of the 2025/26 crop (our calculation), while the national sources give about 73% (see Contested).1,7 No source consulted explains the difference.\n\n## Smallholders and estates\n\n| Year | Smallholders (ha) | State estates (ha) | Private estates (ha) | Total (ha) | Total (t) | Source |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| 2018 | 1,210,656 | 19,923 | 22,247 | 1,252,825 | 756,051 | Ditjenbun8 |\n| 2019, preliminary | 1,215,539 | 20,056 | 22,437 | 1,258,032 | 760,963 | Ditjenbun8 |\n| 2020, estimate | 1,221,223 | 20,143 | 22,965 | 1,264,331 | 773,409 | Ditjenbun8 |\n\nSmallholders held 96.6% of the area and grew 96.1% of the output in the 2020 estimate (our calculation).8 Smallholders grew 743,408 t; state estates 13,591 t; private estates 16,410 t.8 The ministry’s outlook gives 95.64% of the area for smallholders in 2021, 2.07% for state estates and 2.29% for private estates.7 USDA gives 98%.5\n\n## Processing practice\n\n| Step | Practice reported | Source |\n|---|---|---|\n| Producers | Smallholders around Lake Toba, North Sumatra (Mandheling) | Ismayadi et al.11 |\n| Method | Wet hulling, “Sumatra semi-washed method” (Gayo GI) | Gayo specification14 |\n| Moisture at hulling | 40–45% (Mandheling trial); 35–45% (FAO project, modified huller) and 40–50% (FAO, North Sumatran practice); basis not stated | Ismayadi et al.11, FAO12 |\n| Control in the trial | Parchment dried to 12% before hulling (basis not stated) | Ismayadi et al.11 |\n| Final moisture, Gayo | 12–12.5% (basis not stated) | Gayo specification14 |\n| Flores Bajawa | Washed and dry-hulled, or wet-hulled | Ngada regulation18 |\n| Cup | Low acidity, strong body (Gayo trial, authors’ description) | Abubakar et al.13 |\n\nNo official source consulted gives the share of Indonesian arabica that is wet-hulled, or describes robusta processing in southern Sumatra. The wet-hulled entry covers moisture, moulds and ochratoxin A.\n\n**Kopi luwak.** A 2021 commentary suggests that wild civets may prefer liberica seeds for their higher sugar content.30 It argues that this, rather than digestion, may explain chemical differences found in earlier studies.30 No source consulted gives Indonesian production figures for kopi luwak. A separate entry on animal-processed coffee is planned.\n\n## Geographical indications\n\n| Name | Area | Indonesian GI | EU status | Altitude in the GI document | Source |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Kopi Arabika Kintamani Bali | Kintamani, Bali | First registered GI, 2008 | – | Not consulted | DGIP19 |\n| Kopi Arabika Gayo | Aceh Tengah, Bener Meriah and Gayo Lues, Aceh | Granted 28 April 2010 | PGI, Regulation (EU) 2017/870 of 15 May 2017, class 1.8 | 900–1,700 m | Specification14, WIPO20, EU15 |\n| Flores Bajawa (Kopi Arabika Flores Bajawa) | Bajawa, Golewa Barat and Golewa districts, Ngada, Flores | GI certificate referred to in a 2016 regency regulation (number not given) | PGI, Regulation (EU) 2026/2336 of 14 October 2026 | At least 900 m | Ngada regulation18, EU16 |\n| Kopi Arabika Flores Manggarai | Manggarai, Flores | Not consulted | PGI, Regulation (EU) 2026/2339 of 14 October 2026 | Not consulted | EU17 |\n\nIndonesian GI registration numbers could not be confirmed from a Tier A source and are not given. The register of the Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DGIP) could not be accessed. Other coffee GIs exist in Indonesia, but no official list was consulted.\n\n## Research institute\n\nICCRI began on 1 January 1911 as the Besoekisch Proefstation in Jember, East Java.28 Its research covers breeding and biotechnology, agronomy, soils and water, plant protection, post-harvest technology, machinery and social economics.28 It publishes the Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal (Pelita Perkebunan).28,11 It releases robusta clones; four of them were compared with farmer-selected clones in Lampung in a 2018 study.29 A 2025 genetic study, citing earlier work, places a first large-scale breeding programme for robusta in Java in the 1900s.27 Clones from hybrids of two robusta groups were grown in Lampung, according to the same study, which gives no reference for this.27\n\n## Climate risk\n\n**Arabica.** A 2015 study modelled arabica suitability in six production zones: Aceh, North Sumatra, Sulawesi, Flores, Bali and East Java.31 As temperatures rise, 84% of the current production zones are projected to acquire climates not used today for quality coffee by 2050.31 Only in Java would the suitable area stay about the same, because its production zone is much smaller than the suitable area.31 The authors warn that moving coffee uphill could drive deforestation in the highlands.31\n\nA global study from the same year projects that suitable climates in Indonesia and the Pacific islands shift upward, from 500–2,000 m to 800–2,300 m by the 2050s.32 It predicts only small changes in rainfall there.32 These are model projections, not forecasts by Coffearium.\n\n**Robusta.** No Indonesia-specific projection for robusta was consulted. In 2026, USDA linked a forecast fall of 1.0 million bags to excessive rainfall in the lowlands of southern Sumatra and Java.1\n\n## Reference values\n\n| Parameter | Value | Source |\n|---|---|---|\n| Production, USDA | 12.37 million 60-kg bags (2025/26); 11.38 million forecast (2026/27) | USDA1 |\n| Robusta; arabica, USDA | 11.00; 1.37 million bags (2025/26) | USDA1 |\n| Production, FAO | 807,578 t (2024), series high | FAO2,3 |\n| Share of world output | 6.9% (2025/26, USDA); 7.3% (2024, FAO); our calculation | USDA1, FAO3 |\n| Share of world robusta | 13.0% (2025/26, our calculation) | USDA1 |\n| Yield | 636 kg/ha (2024) | FAO4 |\n| Area | 1.27 million ha (2024, preliminary); 1.2 million ha (2025/26 forecast) | Ministry6, USDA5 |\n| Smallholders’ share of area | 98% (USDA, 2025); 95.64% (2021, ministry); 96.6% (2020 estimate, our calculation) | USDA5, ministry7, Ditjenbun8 |\n| Smallholder plantation size | 1–2 ha on average | USDA5 |\n| Smallholder households | 1,222,358 (robusta) and 659,833 (arabica) (2020 estimate) | Ditjenbun8 |\n| Sumatra’s share of production | 70–75% (USDA); 74.2% of smallholder output (2020 estimate, our calculation) | USDA5, Ditjenbun8 |\n| Largest province | South Sumatra, 209,469 t (2024, preliminary) | Ministry6 |\n| Robusta harvest, Jambi and South Sumatra | From late April–May; peak June–July (2025) | USDA5 |\n| Arabica harvest | April–May; from September or October | USDA5 |\n| Gayo GI altitude | 900–1,700 m | Specification14 |\n| Moisture at wet hulling | 40–45%; 35–45% (modified huller) and 40–50% (practice) (basis not stated) | Ismayadi et al.11, FAO12 |\n| Exports, USDA | 8.84 million bags (2025/26), of which 7.84 million green | USDA1 |\n| Domestic consumption | 4.81 million bags (2025/26), 38.9% of the crop (our calculation) | USDA1,5 |\n| EU PGIs | Kopi Arabika Gayo (2017); Flores Bajawa, Kopi Arabika Flores Manggarai (2026) | EU15,16,17 |\n| Research institute founded | 1 January 1911, Jember | FAO AGRIS28 |\n\n## Open questions\n\n- **Statistics office tables.** The BPS publication Indonesian Coffee Statistics 2023 could be read only as an abstract.10 Its province tables, its estate survey results and its export tables by destination were not consulted.\n- **Robusta share.** USDA and the national sources differ by about 16 percentage points (see Contested).1,7\n- **Province areas.** No area table for all provinces newer than the 2018 estimate was consulted.9\n- **GI register.** Indonesian GI numbers and the full list of coffee GIs were not confirmed from the register.19,20\n- **First arabica.** The dates 1696 and 1699 rest on history narratives; no colonial record was consulted.22,23\n- **Leaf rust on Java.** No Tier A source consulted dates the arrival of leaf rust on Java.\n- **Varieties and processing.** No source consulted gives variety shares, the share of wet-hulled arabica, or how robusta is processed.\n\n## Key studies\n\n
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Schroth et al., 2015 – Arabica in Indonesia under climate change. Modelled present and future climatic suitability for arabica in six Indonesian production zones. By 2050, most current zones become less suitable; only Java keeps about the same suitable area. The authors warn that moving uphill could drive deforestation.

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Regional Environmental Change 15, 1473–1482 · doi:10.1007/s10113-014-0713-x

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Ismayadi, Marsh and Clarke, 2005 – Wet parchment storage before wet hulling. Stored wet parchment from North Sumatran farmers and collectors before wet hulling, and followed moulds, ochratoxin A and cup quality. The wet-hulled coffee was compared with parchment dried to 12% before hulling.

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Pelita Perkebunan 21(2) · doi:10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v21i2.20

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Vi et al., 2025 – Genomic footprints of Vietnamese robusta. A genetic study of Vietnamese robusta. Citing older literature, it traces robusta’s route to South-East Asia around 1900 through the Java Coffee Research Station. It also notes clones from hybrid robusta grown in Lampung.

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PLOS One 20(5), e0324988 · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324988

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Lachenmeier and Schwarz, 2021 – Kopi luwak and liberica. A commentary on the chemical studies of civet coffee. It argues that differences may come from species and the animals’ choice of ripe cherries, not from digestion, and that coffee from caged civets should not be endorsed.

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Foods 10(6), 1329 · doi:10.3390/foods10061329

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