Across the chain · topic 1 of 5
History
How coffee left the forests of Ethiopia and became a global crop and drink, followed stage by stage.
- PlantArabica varieties and their linesAlmost all Arabica grown today descends from a few seeds taken from Ethiopia to Yemen. How those seeds became Typica, Bourbon and the rust-resistant and hybrid varieties farmers plant now.Source-checked
- PlantLiberica and excelsaTwo large-fruited African coffee trees, long treated as one species. Planted in Asia after leaf rust in the late 19th century, they are now a tiny but growing crop valued for heat and drought tolerance.Source-checked
- PlantEthiopian landracesEthiopia holds most of the genetic diversity of arabica coffee. What its landraces are, how they are grown, collected and bred, and why the “heirloom” label says little about them.Source-checked
- PlantThe arabica bottleneckCultivated arabica is one of the least genetically diverse crops. How a single hybrid origin, self-pollination and a few founding plants narrowed it, and what that means for disease and breeding.Source-checked
- PlantThe Timor HybridA natural cross of arabica and robusta found on the island of Timor. It carries robusta genes against coffee leaf rust and is the parent of the Catimor and Sarchimor groups of varieties.Source-checked
- FarmCoffee leaf rustThe fungal disease that strips coffee trees of their leaves. How Hemileia vastatrix infects, why it spread from Ceylon to Hawaii, how resistance genes and races interact, and how producers control it.Source-checked
- FarmCoffee berry diseaseThe fungal disease that attacks green arabica berries on the tree. How Colletotrichum kahawae infects, why wet highlands in Africa suffer most, how resistant varieties were bred, and why other regions guard against it.Source-checked
- FarmCoffee berry borerThe small beetle that breeds inside the coffee seed. How Hypothenemus hampei lives and spreads, why warming lifts it to higher farms, what it does to weight and grade, and how producers and mills keep it down.Source-checked
- FarmCoffee wilt diseaseA soil-borne fungal wilt that kills whole coffee trees in Africa. How Fusarium xylarioides blocks the water supply, why separate strains attack robusta and arabica, and how uprooting and resistant robusta clones answer it.Source-checked
- FarmBrazilThe largest coffee producer, growing both arabica and conilon (robusta) on plateaus and hills from Paraná to Rondônia, harvested from April to September and shipped mainly through Santos.Source-checked
- FarmVietnamThe second-largest coffee producer and the largest grower of robusta, concentrated on the basalt plateaus of the Central Highlands, picked from late October to January and irrigated mostly from groundwater.Source-checked
- FarmIndonesiaThe fourth-largest coffee producer, mostly robusta from smallholder farms in southern Sumatra, with arabica from the highlands of Aceh, North Sumatra, Sulawesi, Bali, Flores and Java, wet-hulled in Sumatra.Source-checked
- FarmUgandaAfrica’s main robusta origin and a home of wild Coffea canephora, grown by smallholders around Lake Victoria and in the west, with washed and natural arabica from Mount Elgon, the Rwenzori and West Nile.Source-checked
- FarmIndiaAsia’s third-largest coffee origin, growing mostly robusta under shade trees in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, with arabica from the Baba Budan hills and Araku Valley, and the home of monsooned coffee.Source-checked
- FarmPeruAn arabica-only origin on the eastern slopes of the Andes, grown by smallholders from Cajamarca, Amazonas and San Martín in the north to Cusco and Puno in the south, mostly washed and sun-dried, and a leading supplier of organic coffee.Source-checked
- FarmHondurasAn arabica-only origin of smallholders in the mountains of western, central and eastern Honduras, harvested from October to March, with the national coffee institute IHCAFE at the centre of its statistics, research and trade.Source-checked
- FarmGuatemalaA mostly arabica origin of smallholders and estates on the volcanic and limestone highlands of Guatemala, harvested from late November to March, with the national coffee association Anacafé in charge of export permits and statistics.Source-checked
- FarmMexicoAn arabica-led origin with a robusta share, grown mainly by smallholders in Chiapas, Veracruz, Puebla and Oaxaca, harvested from November to April, with denominations of origin for Café Veracruz and Café Chiapas.Source-checked
- FarmKenyaA small but closely watched producer of washed arabica, grown by cooperative smallholders and estates on the volcanic highlands around Mount Kenya and the Aberdares, graded by bean size and sold mainly at the Nairobi Coffee Exchange.Source-checked
- TradeCoffee futuresHow the New York arabica and London robusta futures contracts work, how traders and roasters use them to hedge price risk, and what they cannot hedge.Source-checked
- TradeCoffee price historyHow the price of green arabica has moved since 1970 – frosts, the quota years, the crises and the record highs – in monthly data, nominal and adjusted for inflation, with the causes the sources name.Source-checked
- TradeThe International Coffee AgreementsThe treaties between coffee-producing and coffee-importing countries, from Brazil’s 1906 price support to the International Coffee Agreement 2022 – what the export quotas did from 1962 to 1989, and why they ended.Source-checked
- BrewExtraction yield and TDSHow strong a coffee is (total dissolved solids) and how much of the grounds ended up in it (extraction yield) – the two numbers behind the brewing control chart, how to measure them and what they say about flavour.Source-checked
- BrewBrewing control chartThe chart that plots brew strength against extraction yield, with brew ratios as diagonal lines and target boxes for filter coffee – where it came from, which targets exist and what sensory research since 2020 has found.Source-checked
- BrewGrindingWhy roasted coffee is ground before brewing – it breaks open cells and shortens the paths that solubles must travel – and what grind size, freshness, heat, moisture and static change in the cup.Source-checked
- BrewPour-over and immersionHow the main non-espresso brew methods work – percolation, where fresh water flows through the grounds, and immersion, where all the water steeps with all the coffee – and what each device changes.Source-checked
- BrewMoka potA stove-top coffee maker in which heated air and vapour in a closed lower chamber push water up through a bed of ground coffee into an upper chamber, at far lower pressure than an espresso machine.Source-checked
- BrewHow an espresso machine worksAn espresso machine heats water, pressurises it to about 9 bar, spreads it over a compacted bed of fine coffee and ends the shot. The entry covers how pumps, boilers, groups and levers do these jobs and how the coffee bed resists the water.Source-checked
- BrewHistory of the espresso machineHow the espresso machine developed from steam-boiler bar machines to spring levers, hydraulic groups and pumps with heat exchangers, dated from patent records and historians, with the disputed firsts marked.Source-checked
- BrewCoffee capsulesA coffee capsule is a sealed single dose of ground coffee that its machine pierces and brews under pressure. How a capsule opens and brews, what studies measured in the cup, and where the system came from.Source-checked
- BrewHistory of brewingHow coffee brewing moved from boiling in a pot to drip pots, percolators, vacuum brewers, paper filters and plunger pots, and which of the usual dates rest on patents and which only on later accounts.Source-checked
- CupCuppingThe coffee trade’s standard tasting method – coffee steeped in bowls, smelled, slurped and judged – and how the SCA’s 2024 Coffee Value Assessment separates describing a coffee from scoring it.Source-checked
- CupCoffee drinks around the worldHow coffee is prepared, sweetened, spiced and served in different cultures, from Turkish and Arabic coffee to the Italian bar, Nordic kettle coffee, Viennese coffeehouses and café de olla.Source-checked
- CupCoffee as food in EthiopiaIn Ethiopia the coffee plant gives more than the brewed bean. Coffee berries cooked in butter, leaf infusions and husk drinks, what sources say about each, and how two of them became regulated foods in the European Union (EU).Source-checked
- CupThe Ethiopian coffee ceremonyHow coffee is washed, pan-roasted, pounded and boiled in a clay jebena and served in three rounds in Ethiopia, what the ceremony means in social and religious life, and what the written sources show and do not show.Source-checked
- CupCoffeehouses from Mecca to EuropeHow the coffeehouse spread from Sufi circles in Yemen to Mecca, Cairo and Istanbul, then to Oxford, London, Vienna and Leipzig, and which of the famous dates and stories are documented.Source-checked
- CupEras and waves of coffeeThe “first, second and third wave” story of coffee – where the terms came from, what each wave is said to stand for, the dated milestones behind it, and why historians call the model too narrow.Source-checked
Each entry lives in its own stage and is listed here because it is tagged history.