CoffeariumBeta
  1. Plant
  2. Farm
  3. Process
  4. Trade
  5. Roast
  6. Brew
  7. Cup
Origin · Country profile

Indonesia

The fourth-largest coffee producer, mostly robusta from smallholder farms in southern Sumatra, with arabica from the highlands of Aceh, North Sumatra, Sulawesi, Bali, Flores and Java, wet-hulled in Sumatra.

Across the chain: History

Source-checkedby Coffearium verification pass· Last source-checked 2 Nov 2026· Prepared with AI assistance· 32 sources (26 tier A)· 4 contested· Updated 2 Nov 2026· Literature last searched 2 Nov 2026
Reading depth
Contents
  • Indonesia produced 12.37 million bags of 60 kg in 2025/26, 11.0 million robusta and 1.37 million arabica, by the count of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA).1
  • In FAO statistics, Indonesia produced 807,578 t of green coffee in 2024, the fourth-largest crop among 78 countries (our calculation).3
  • Smallholder plantations, averaging 1–2 ha, hold 98% of the coffee area, according to a 2025 USDA report.5
  • In the agriculture ministry’s 2024 figures, South Sumatra, Lampung, North Sumatra, Aceh and Bengkulu grew 70.4% of the crop (our calculation).6
  • The European Union registered Kopi Arabika Gayo as a protected geographical indication (PGI) in 2017, and Flores Bajawa and Kopi Arabika Flores Manggarai in 2026.15,16,17

Snapshot#

Indonesia is the fourth-largest coffee producer by FAO count, after Brazil, Vietnam and Colombia (our calculation).3 FAO puts its 2024 crop at 807,578 t of green coffee, 7.3% of the total of 78 countries (our calculation).3 The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates 12.37 million bags of 60 kg for 2025/26.1 That is 6.9% of the world total of 178.8 million bags (our calculation).1

Most of the crop is robusta (C. canephora). In USDA’s 2025/26 figures, 11.0 million bags were robusta and 1.37 million arabica.1 Indonesia thus grew 13.0% of the world’s robusta (our calculation).1 The national sources give a lower robusta share, about 73% (see Contested).7

Indonesians drink much of their own coffee. USDA forecasts domestic consumption of 4.81 million bags in 2025/26, 38.9% of the crop (our calculation).5,1 USDA reports Indonesia in an April–March marketing year.1

Where coffee grows#

Sumatra grows 70–75% of Indonesia’s green coffee, according to USDA’s Jakarta office.5 Robusta is centred in the south of the island: South Sumatra, Lampung and Bengkulu.5 North Sumatra and Aceh, in the north, are the main arabica region.5,7 Smaller arabica areas lie in the highlands of Java, Sulawesi and Papua.5

Relief map of western and central Indonesia with layers for coffee area by province, the geographical indications for coffee, the research institute at Jember and places in the history of coffeeGayoKintamaniBajawaManggaraiMALAYSIAMALAYSIATIMOR-L.SUMATRAJAVAKALIMANTANSULAWESIJakartaMedanBanda AcehPalembangBandar LampungBengkuluSurabayaDenpasarMakassarPadangJemberRutengICCRI1234
darker = higher (300, 700 and 1,200 m)dashed: province borders (as in 2018)No national coffee altitude band is sourced, so none is drawn.Relief: AWS Terrain Tiles, 0.3° means; borders and towns: Natural Earth; provinces and regencies: geoBoundaries
Interactive relief map of western and central Indonesia. Layers: coffee area by province in 2018 (estimate), with production in 2018 and, for the eight largest provinces, 2024 (preliminary); geographical indications; the research institute at Jember; and places in coffee history.9,6,14,15,16,17,18,19,28,22,23,24,11

Provinces. In the agriculture ministry’s 2024 figures, South Sumatra grew 209,469 t and Lampung 141,927 t.6 North Sumatra grew 91,905 t, Aceh 71,084 t and Bengkulu 54,087 t.6 These five Sumatran provinces grew 70.4% of the national crop (our calculation).6 East Java, South Sulawesi and Central Java follow.6 The full table is under Coffee by province.

Altitude. No national altitude survey was consulted. The registered specification for Kopi Arabika Gayo, in the highlands of Aceh, limits its arabica to 900–1,700 m.14 A regency regulation for Flores Bajawa sets a minimum of 900 m.18 A 2015 modelling study gives the latitudes of the coffee areas in Indonesia and the Pacific islands as 3°N–10°S.32

0 m500 m1,000 m1,500 m2,000 m2,500 mGayo GI regencies: Aceh Tengah, Bener Meriah 14 2015 model, suitable today: 500–2,000 m 32 by the 2050s: 800–2,300 m 32 Kopi Arabika Gayo: 900–1,700 m 14 TakengonIndian Ocean coast (Meulaboh area)Strait of Malacca (Lhokseumawe)0 km20 km40 km60 km80 km100 km120 km140 km160 kmWest coast of Aceh to the Strait of Malacca, bent at Takengon; vertical scale about 20×.Terrain: AWS Terrain Tiles, 0.05° means, so peaks appear lower than they are; regencies: geoBoundaries.
Section across northern Sumatra, from the west coast of Aceh over the Gayo highlands at Takengon to the Strait of Malacca. Shaded: the 900–1,700 m band of the Kopi Arabika Gayo specification; the bracket marks where the line crosses its regencies. Dashed: climates suitable for arabica in Indonesia in a 2015 model, 500–2,000 m today; dotted: 800–2,300 m by the 2050s. Terrain from 0.05° mean relief, so peaks appear lower than they are.14,32

Climate and harvest#

Indonesia harvests its two species at different times. In Jambi and South Sumatra, robusta picking began in late April to May 2025.5 USDA expected the main robusta harvest to peak in June and July.5 Arabica is harvested twice a year: first in April and May, then from September or October.5 Harvest calendars compares origins.

Gayo. The Gayo specification gives a longer season: from September until May or June.14

Weather. USDA calls a balance of sunlight and rainfall after flowering crucial for the crop.5 For 2026/27, USDA forecasts a fall of 1.0 million bags.1 It blames excessive rainfall, which disrupted flowering and cherry formation in the lowlands of southern Sumatra and Java.1

Farms and people#

Indonesian coffee is a smallholder crop. Smallholder plantations of 1–2 ha on average hold 98% of the area, according to USDA.5 The national statistics separate three kinds of producer: smallholders, state estates and private estates.6,10 In Indonesian these are perkebunan rakyat (PR), perkebunan besar negara (PBN) and perkebunan besar swasta (PBS).6

Estates. In the estate crops directorate’s 2020 estimate, smallholders held 1,221,223 ha of 1,264,331 ha.8 State estates held 20,143 ha and private estates 22,965 ha.8 USDA describes a few large private plantations, of around 2,000 ha, in Sulawesi and Sumatra.5 A state-owned company runs a large robusta plantation in East Java.5

Households. The directorate counts farm households in its smallholder tables. Its 2020 estimate lists 1,222,358 households for robusta and 659,833 for arabica.8 The two tables are separate, so a household growing both may be counted twice.

Area. The agriculture ministry gives 1.27 million ha for 2024 (preliminary).6 USDA forecasts a steady 1.2 million ha for 2025/26.5 Many farmers rely on local planting material, and quality seedlings are little used.5 Living income gives a reference price for Gayo arabica in Aceh.

Species and varieties#

Robusta. Robusta is the main crop of the southern Sumatran lowlands.5 A 2018 study in Lampung compared 4 clones released by the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) with 11 clones selected by farmers.29

Arabica. The Gayo specification allows the varieties Timtim, Ateng Jaluk, Borbor, P-88 and S795, alone or mixed.14 The Ngada regulation for Flores Bajawa names S 795, Andung San, K Timor, Kartika and Katura.18 No source consulted gives the share of the area under each variety. Arabica varieties describes these lineages.

Liberica and excelsa. Liberica coffee (C. liberica) still grows in Indonesia, for example on peat in the lowlands of Jambi.25 In Indonesia, crosses of liberica with arabica gave hybrids with a high degree of leaf rust resistance, according to a 2023 review citing older work.26 Liberica and excelsa covers both.

Processing#

Wet hulling, called giling basah in Indonesian, is described as the typical method for Sumatran arabica.14 The parchment is taken off while the seed is still wet, and the naked seed is dried afterwards.11,14 In the usual washed process, parchment coffee is dried first and hulled later.11

Mandheling and Gayo. Smallholders around Lake Toba in North Sumatra make Mandheling coffee this way.11 The Gayo specification names the “Sumatra semi-washed method”, also called wet hulling.14 In Flores, the Ngada regulation allows both wet hulling and drying in parchment before hulling.18 Wet hulling explains the steps and the risks.

Cup. A trial in the Gayo highlands found low acidity and strong body in wet-hulled coffee, compared with dry-hulled coffee, according to its authors.13

Kopi luwak. Kopi luwak is coffee whose seeds have passed through civets that ate the cherries.30 A 2021 commentary argues that coffee from civets kept in captivity should not be endorsed, for reasons of animal protection.30 It cites a description from 1883 as one of the first.30

History#

Legend and evidence. World Coffee Research dates Dutch shipments of arabica seed from India’s Malabar coast to Batavia (now Jakarta) to 1696 and 1699.22 An exhibition timeline of Indonesia’s National Museum gives the same two years. In 1696, it says, the Dutch East India Company’s commander in Malabar was ordered to plant coffee in Java; in 1699 arabica seeds were planted around Batavia.23 The Gayo product specification also names 1696 and 1699.14 These are history narratives that cite no records. A 2024 genomic study states only that the Dutch began growing arabica in South-East Asia about a century after 1600.21

Java and the world. One plant was shipped to Amsterdam in 1706.21,22 According to World Coffee Research, it came from Java and founded the Typica lineage that spread to the Americas.22

Forced cultivation. Coffee was grown on Java for the commercial market from the early 18th century, according to a 2015 history of colonial labour.24 It describes how the Dutch East India Company’s purchases from peasant producers in the Priangan highlands soon became compulsory production.24

Leaf rust, liberica, robusta. Coffee leaf rust devastated arabica growing at the end of the 19th century.26 Growers turned first to liberica and then, from the early 1900s, to robusta.26 A 2026 study, citing earlier work, says liberica was brought to Indonesia from Liberia against the rust and was widely spread by 1873; the sentence with the date names no place.25 Robusta reached South-East Asia around 1900 through the Java Coffee Research Station, according to a 2025 genetic study, citing earlier work.27

Research. The research station at Jember, East Java, opened on 1 January 1911 as the Besoekisch Proefstation.28 It is now ICCRI.28

Trade and institutions#

Exports. USDA counts exports of 8.84 million bags in 2025/26.1 Of these, 7.84 million were green coffee and 0.95 million soluble coffee.1 The largest markets for green coffee in 2024/25 were the EU, the United States, Egypt, Malaysia, India and Japan.5 In the agriculture ministry’s figures, the United States took 18.77% of export value in 2024.6

Statistics. The national statistics office, Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), publishes Indonesian Coffee Statistics every year.10 It combines an estate survey, smallholder data from the estate crops directorate and customs records.10 The agriculture ministry’s data centre publishes the directorate’s production figures.6

Geographical indications. Indonesia registered its first geographical indication (GI) in 2008: Kopi Arabika Kintamani Bali.19 Kopi Arabika Gayo followed on 28 April 2010.14,20 The European Union registered Kopi Arabika Gayo as a PGI in 2017.15 By regulations of 14 October 2026, published on 21 October, it added Flores Bajawa and Kopi Arabika Flores Manggarai.16,17

EUDR. USDA reports that exporters were preparing for the EU deforestation regulation in 2025.5

Production over time#

The FAO series runs from 1961. Production was 103,100 t in 1961 and passed 300,000 t in 1981.2 It reached 554,574 t in 2000 and 682,019 t in 2002.2 It then stayed between 638,600 t (2011) and 698,016 t (2008) until 2016.2 From 2017 it rose again, to the series high of 807,578 t in 2024.2 That is 7.8 times the 1961 value (our calculation).2

196019651970197519801985199019952000200520102015202020250100200300400500600700800900Yearthousand t green coffeeIndonesia2
Data table
SeriesYearthousand t green coffeeSource
Indonesia1961103.12
Indonesia1962106.72
Indonesia1963139.62
Indonesia1964118.22
Indonesia1965134.52
Indonesia1966142.22
Indonesia1967153.4782
Indonesia1968157.3472
Indonesia1969173.6132
Indonesia1970185.0912
Indonesia1971180.9162
Indonesia1972178.7352
Indonesia1973150.1632
Indonesia1974149.8112
Indonesia1975170.3722
Indonesia1976193.3772
Indonesia1977193.9662
Indonesia1978222.692
Indonesia1979273.6752
Indonesia1980294.9732
Indonesia1981314.8992
Indonesia1982281.2512
Indonesia1983305.6482
Indonesia1984315.4892
Indonesia1985311.3982
Indonesia1986356.8222
Indonesia1987388.6692
Indonesia1988391.0952
Indonesia1989401.0482
Indonesia1990412.7672
Indonesia1991428.3052
Indonesia1992436.932
Indonesia1993438.8682
Indonesia1994450.1912
Indonesia1995457.8012
Indonesia1996421.7512
Indonesia1997426.82
Indonesia1998512.1652
Indonesia1999524.6872
Indonesia2000554.5742
Indonesia2001569.2342
Indonesia2002682.0192
Indonesia2003663.5712
Indonesia2004647.3852
Indonesia2005640.3652
Indonesia2006682.1582
Indonesia2007676.4752
Indonesia2008698.0162
Indonesia2009682.5912
Indonesia2010684.0762
Indonesia2011638.62
Indonesia2012691.1632
Indonesia2013675.82
Indonesia2014643.92
Indonesia2015639.4122
Indonesia2016639.3052
Indonesia2017717.9622
Indonesia2018756.0512
Indonesia2019752.5122
Indonesia2020762.382
Indonesia2021786.1912
Indonesia2022774.9612
Indonesia2023758.7252
Indonesia2024807.5782
Green coffee production of Indonesia, 1961–2024, in thousand tonnes, from FAO statistics by calendar year. The highest value is the last, 807,578 t in 2024.2
Year t Year t Year t Year t
1961 103,1002 1977 193,9662 1993 438,8682 2009 682,5912
1962 106,7002 1978 222,6902 1994 450,1912 2010 684,0762
1963 139,6002 1979 273,6752 1995 457,8012 2011 638,6002
1964 118,2002 1980 294,9732 1996 421,7512 2012 691,1632
1965 134,5002 1981 314,8992 1997 426,8002 2013 675,8002
1966 142,2002 1982 281,2512 1998 512,1652 2014 643,9002
1967 153,4782 1983 305,6482 1999 524,6872 2015 639,4122
1968 157,3472 1984 315,4892 2000 554,5742 2016 639,3052
1969 173,6132 1985 311,3982 2001 569,2342 2017 717,9622
1970 185,0912 1986 356,8222 2002 682,0192 2018 756,0512
1971 180,9162 1987 388,6692 2003 663,5712 2019 752,5122
1972 178,7352 1988 391,0952 2004 647,3852 2020 762,3802
1973 150,1632 1989 401,0482 2005 640,3652 2021 786,1912
1974 149,8112 1990 412,7672 2006 682,1582 2022 774,9612
1975 170,3722 1991 428,3052 2007 676,4752 2023 758,7252
1976 193,3772 1992 436,9302 2008 698,0162 2024 807,5782

FAO gives 774,960.5 t for 2022; the table rounds it.2

FAO and the national figures. FAO’s recent values equal the estate crops directorate’s figures for the same calendar year (our reading).2,6,8 FAO’s 756,051 t for 2018 is the directorate’s total for 2018.2,8 FAO’s values for 2021, 2023 and 2024 are those of the ministry’s 2025 table: 786,191 t, 758,725 t and 807,578 t.2,6 The directorate’s early estimates can differ from its later figures: it estimated 773,409 t for 2020, while the series now holds 762,380 t.8,2

Yield. FAO’s average yield was 636 kg/ha in 2024.4 It was 567 kg/ha in 1961 and fell to its lowest, 433 kg/ha, in 2001.4 It has stayed above 590 kg/ha since 2018.4 Coffee yields compares origins.

USDA’s recent series. In USDA’s tables, production was 10.58 million bags in 2021/22, 10.70 in 2022/23, 8.15 in 2023/24, 10.70 in 2024/25 and 12.37 in 2025/26.1 USDA forecasts 11.38 million bags for 2026/27.1 Arabica stayed between 1.20 and 1.40 million bags in all six years; robusta carried the swings, from 6.80 million (2023/24) to 11.00 million (2025/26).1 USDA uses an April–March marketing year; FAO uses calendar years.1,3

Coffee by province#

The latest province table consulted is the agriculture ministry’s for 2021–2025, from the estate crops directorate.6 It lists the eight largest provinces and groups the rest.6 The 2024 values are preliminary.6 The tables of the statistics office could not be accessed.10

050000100000150000200000250000t (2024, angka sementara; province names in English)South Sumatra209,4696 Lampung141,9276 North Sumatra91,9056 Aceh71,0846 Bengkulu54,0876 East Java48,0546 South Sulawesi30,6266 Central Java26,9166 Other provinces133,5106
Data table
t (2024, angka sementara; province names in English)Source
South Sumatra209,4696
Lampung141,9276
North Sumatra91,9056
Aceh71,0846
Bengkulu54,0876
East Java48,0546
South Sulawesi30,6266
Central Java26,9166
Other provinces133,5106
Coffee production by province in 2024 (preliminary), in tonnes, with province names in English. The eight provinces named in the source; all others grouped. Data: Ministry of Agriculture, from the Directorate General of Estate Crops.6
Province 2021 (t) 2022 (t) 2023 (t) 2024 (t), preliminary Share 2024 (our calculation) Average share 2021–2025
South Sumatra (Sumatera Selatan) 211,6816 208,043 207,320 209,469 25.9% 26.81%6
Lampung 116,2816 113,739 105,807 141,927 17.6% 15.08%6
North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara) 80,8716 86,476 89,610 91,905 11.4% 11.22%6
Aceh 74,3286 70,353 71,084 71,084 8.8% 9.18%6
Bengkulu 62,8496 59,857 50,745 54,087 6.7% 7.26%6
East Java (Jawa Timur) 45,9146 47,995 47,577 48,054 6.0% 6.09%6
South Sulawesi (Sulawesi Selatan) 34,2436 30,148 30,727 30,626 3.8% 4.01%6
Central Java (Jawa Tengah) 27,2316 25,972 27,227 26,916 3.3% 3.44%6
Other provinces 132,7936 132,378 128,627 133,510 16.5% 16.89%6
Total 786,1916 774,961 758,725 807,578 100% 100%6

All values in the table are from the same ministry table.6 The rows add up exactly to each printed total for 2024 (our calculation).6 Lampung’s 2024 value is 34% above its 2023 value (our calculation), while most provinces changed little.6 Aceh shows the same value in 2023 and 2024.6 For 2025 the ministry lists 784,084 t, without stating the status of the figure.6

Area by province. The newest table of area for every province consulted is the directorate’s estimate for 2018.9 Its production values were early estimates: the printed total is 674,636 t, against the final 756,051 t for 2018.9,8 The table below therefore gives area first.

Province (as in the source) Area 2018 (ha), estimate Share of area (our calculation) Production 2018 (t), early estimate
Sumatera Selatan 264,3379 21.0% 118,947
Lampung 162,0209 12.9% 118,078
Aceh 123,7269 9.8% 69,515
Jawa Timur 107,2489 8.5% 66,179
Bengkulu 90,9539 7.2% 60,468
Sumatera Utara 85,7939 6.8% 66,527
Sulawesi Selatan 74,1539 5.9% 30,230
Nusa Tenggara Timur 67,2149 5.3% 22,479
Jawa Tengah 40,5319 3.2% 18,924
Sumatera Barat 39,0299 3.1% 22,115
Jawa Barat 36,7279 2.9% 17,016
Bali 35,3959 2.8% 17,560
Jambi 27,6469 2.2% 14,237
21 other provinces (Jakarta: none) 104,3659 8.3% 32,358
Indonesia (as printed) 1,259,1369 100% 674,6369

The province rows add up to 1,259,137 ha and 674,633 t; the printed totals are used.9 The ten Sumatran provinces held 63.4% of the area (our calculation).9 South Sumatra, Lampung and Bengkulu alone held 41.1% (our calculation).9

Robusta and arabica#

Island group Robusta area (ha) Robusta (t) Robusta households Arabica area (ha) Arabica (t) Arabica households
Sumatera 585,7958 412,544 516,487 197,4258 139,092 229,194
Jawa 114,2368 67,859 406,804 54,4448 22,251 284,043
Nusa Tenggara 86,8978 34,401 155,313 35,2048 11,985 52,153
Kalimantan 21,5278 5,920 39,898 – – –
Sulawesi 57,0538 20,343 99,263 55,4348 25,791 80,342
Maluku + Papua 1,8348 501 4,593 11,3748 2,720 14,101
Indonesia 867,3428 541,569 1,222,358 353,8808 201,839 659,833

The table gives smallholder coffee only, in the directorate’s 2020 estimate.8 Robusta was 72.8% of smallholder output (our calculation).8 Kalimantan shows no arabica.8 Java has more arabica households than Sumatra on less than a third of Sumatra’s arabica area.8 Holdings there are therefore smaller on average (our reading).

Main provinces by species. Over 2018–2022, South Sumatra grew 36.07% of the robusta, Lampung 21.28% and Bengkulu 11.18%, according to the ministry’s outlook.7 Four provinces grew 81.88% of the arabica: Aceh 32.02%, North Sumatra 31.98%, South Sulawesi and West Sumatra.7 The outlook’s figures for East and Central Java contradict each other and are not used.7

USDA and the national figures. USDA puts robusta at 88.9% of the 2025/26 crop (our calculation), while the national sources give about 73% (see Contested).1,7 No source consulted explains the difference.

Smallholders and estates#

Year Smallholders (ha) State estates (ha) Private estates (ha) Total (ha) Total (t) Source
2018 1,210,656 19,923 22,247 1,252,825 756,051 Ditjenbun8
2019, preliminary 1,215,539 20,056 22,437 1,258,032 760,963 Ditjenbun8
2020, estimate 1,221,223 20,143 22,965 1,264,331 773,409 Ditjenbun8

Smallholders held 96.6% of the area and grew 96.1% of the output in the 2020 estimate (our calculation).8 Smallholders grew 743,408 t; state estates 13,591 t; private estates 16,410 t.8 The ministry’s outlook gives 95.64% of the area for smallholders in 2021, 2.07% for state estates and 2.29% for private estates.7 USDA gives 98%.5

Processing practice#

Step Practice reported Source
Producers Smallholders around Lake Toba, North Sumatra (Mandheling) Ismayadi et al.11
Method Wet hulling, “Sumatra semi-washed method” (Gayo GI) Gayo specification14
Moisture at hulling 40–45% (Mandheling trial); 35–45% (FAO project, modified huller) and 40–50% (FAO, North Sumatran practice); basis not stated Ismayadi et al.11, FAO12
Control in the trial Parchment dried to 12% before hulling (basis not stated) Ismayadi et al.11
Final moisture, Gayo 12–12.5% (basis not stated) Gayo specification14
Flores Bajawa Washed and dry-hulled, or wet-hulled Ngada regulation18
Cup Low acidity, strong body (Gayo trial, authors’ description) Abubakar et al.13

No official source consulted gives the share of Indonesian arabica that is wet-hulled, or describes robusta processing in southern Sumatra. The wet-hulled entry covers moisture, moulds and ochratoxin A.

Kopi luwak. A 2021 commentary suggests that wild civets may prefer liberica seeds for their higher sugar content.30 It argues that this, rather than digestion, may explain chemical differences found in earlier studies.30 No source consulted gives Indonesian production figures for kopi luwak. A separate entry on animal-processed coffee is planned.

Geographical indications#

Name Area Indonesian GI EU status Altitude in the GI document Source
Kopi Arabika Kintamani Bali Kintamani, Bali First registered GI, 2008 – Not consulted DGIP19
Kopi Arabika Gayo Aceh Tengah, Bener Meriah and Gayo Lues, Aceh Granted 28 April 2010 PGI, Regulation (EU) 2017/870 of 15 May 2017, class 1.8 900–1,700 m Specification14, WIPO20, EU15
Flores Bajawa (Kopi Arabika Flores Bajawa) Bajawa, Golewa Barat and Golewa districts, Ngada, Flores GI certificate referred to in a 2016 regency regulation (number not given) PGI, Regulation (EU) 2026/2336 of 14 October 2026 At least 900 m Ngada regulation18, EU16
Kopi Arabika Flores Manggarai Manggarai, Flores Not consulted PGI, Regulation (EU) 2026/2339 of 14 October 2026 Not consulted EU17

Indonesian GI registration numbers could not be confirmed from a Tier A source and are not given. The register of the Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DGIP) could not be accessed. Other coffee GIs exist in Indonesia, but no official list was consulted.

Research institute#

ICCRI began on 1 January 1911 as the Besoekisch Proefstation in Jember, East Java.28 Its research covers breeding and biotechnology, agronomy, soils and water, plant protection, post-harvest technology, machinery and social economics.28 It publishes the Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal (Pelita Perkebunan).28,11 It releases robusta clones; four of them were compared with farmer-selected clones in Lampung in a 2018 study.29 A 2025 genetic study, citing earlier work, places a first large-scale breeding programme for robusta in Java in the 1900s.27 Clones from hybrids of two robusta groups were grown in Lampung, according to the same study, which gives no reference for this.27

Climate risk#

Arabica. A 2015 study modelled arabica suitability in six production zones: Aceh, North Sumatra, Sulawesi, Flores, Bali and East Java.31 As temperatures rise, 84% of the current production zones are projected to acquire climates not used today for quality coffee by 2050.31 Only in Java would the suitable area stay about the same, because its production zone is much smaller than the suitable area.31 The authors warn that moving coffee uphill could drive deforestation in the highlands.31

A global study from the same year projects that suitable climates in Indonesia and the Pacific islands shift upward, from 500–2,000 m to 800–2,300 m by the 2050s.32 It predicts only small changes in rainfall there.32 These are model projections, not forecasts by Coffearium.

Robusta. No Indonesia-specific projection for robusta was consulted. In 2026, USDA linked a forecast fall of 1.0 million bags to excessive rainfall in the lowlands of southern Sumatra and Java.1

Reference values#

Parameter Value Source
Production, USDA 12.37 million 60-kg bags (2025/26); 11.38 million forecast (2026/27) USDA1
Robusta; arabica, USDA 11.00; 1.37 million bags (2025/26) USDA1
Production, FAO 807,578 t (2024), series high FAO2,3
Share of world output 6.9% (2025/26, USDA); 7.3% (2024, FAO); our calculation USDA1, FAO3
Share of world robusta 13.0% (2025/26, our calculation) USDA1
Yield 636 kg/ha (2024) FAO4
Area 1.27 million ha (2024, preliminary); 1.2 million ha (2025/26 forecast) Ministry6, USDA5
Smallholders’ share of area 98% (USDA, 2025); 95.64% (2021, ministry); 96.6% (2020 estimate, our calculation) USDA5, ministry7, Ditjenbun8
Smallholder plantation size 1–2 ha on average USDA5
Smallholder households 1,222,358 (robusta) and 659,833 (arabica) (2020 estimate) Ditjenbun8
Sumatra’s share of production 70–75% (USDA); 74.2% of smallholder output (2020 estimate, our calculation) USDA5, Ditjenbun8
Largest province South Sumatra, 209,469 t (2024, preliminary) Ministry6
Robusta harvest, Jambi and South Sumatra From late April–May; peak June–July (2025) USDA5
Arabica harvest April–May; from September or October USDA5
Gayo GI altitude 900–1,700 m Specification14
Moisture at wet hulling 40–45%; 35–45% (modified huller) and 40–50% (practice) (basis not stated) Ismayadi et al.11, FAO12
Exports, USDA 8.84 million bags (2025/26), of which 7.84 million green USDA1
Domestic consumption 4.81 million bags (2025/26), 38.9% of the crop (our calculation) USDA1,5
EU PGIs Kopi Arabika Gayo (2017); Flores Bajawa, Kopi Arabika Flores Manggarai (2026) EU15,16,17
Research institute founded 1 January 1911, Jember FAO AGRIS28

Open questions#

  • Statistics office tables. The BPS publication Indonesian Coffee Statistics 2023 could be read only as an abstract.10 Its province tables, its estate survey results and its export tables by destination were not consulted.
  • Robusta share. USDA and the national sources differ by about 16 percentage points (see Contested).1,7
  • Province areas. No area table for all provinces newer than the 2018 estimate was consulted.9
  • GI register. Indonesian GI numbers and the full list of coffee GIs were not confirmed from the register.19,20
  • First arabica. The dates 1696 and 1699 rest on history narratives; no colonial record was consulted.22,23
  • Leaf rust on Java. No Tier A source consulted dates the arrival of leaf rust on Java.
  • Varieties and processing. No source consulted gives variety shares, the share of wet-hulled arabica, or how robusta is processed.

Key studies#

Schroth et al., 2015 – Arabica in Indonesia under climate change. Modelled present and future climatic suitability for arabica in six Indonesian production zones. By 2050, most current zones become less suitable; only Java keeps about the same suitable area. The authors warn that moving uphill could drive deforestation.

Regional Environmental Change 15, 1473–1482 · doi:10.1007/s10113-014-0713-x

Ismayadi, Marsh and Clarke, 2005 – Wet parchment storage before wet hulling. Stored wet parchment from North Sumatran farmers and collectors before wet hulling, and followed moulds, ochratoxin A and cup quality. The wet-hulled coffee was compared with parchment dried to 12% before hulling.

Pelita Perkebunan 21(2) · doi:10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v21i2.20

Vi et al., 2025 – Genomic footprints of Vietnamese robusta. A genetic study of Vietnamese robusta. Citing older literature, it traces robusta’s route to South-East Asia around 1900 through the Java Coffee Research Station. It also notes clones from hybrid robusta grown in Lampung.

PLOS One 20(5), e0324988 · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324988

Lachenmeier and Schwarz, 2021 – Kopi luwak and liberica. A commentary on the chemical studies of civet coffee. It argues that differences may come from species and the animals’ choice of ripe cherries, not from digestion, and that coffee from caged civets should not be endorsed.

Foods 10(6), 1329 · doi:10.3390/foods10061329

Contested
  • Size of the crop: USDA gives 12.37 million bags for marketing year 2025/26 (April–March), which is 742,200 t (our calculation)1; FAO and the agriculture ministry give 807,578 t for calendar year 2024.3,6 USDA gives 10.7 million bags (642,000 t) for 2024/25.1 The series cover different periods and come from different estimators.
  • Share of robusta: 88.9% of the 2025/26 crop in USDA’s tables (our calculation)1, and “approximately 80–90 percent” according to USDA’s Jakarta office5; 73.00% of production on average over 2013–2022 in the agriculture ministry’s outlook7, and 72.8% of smallholder output in the estate crops directorate’s 2020 estimate (our calculation).8
  • Share of smallholders in the area: 98% according to USDA (2025)5; 95.64% in 2021 in the agriculture ministry’s outlook7; 96.6% in the estate crops directorate’s 2020 estimate (our calculation).8
  • First arabica on Java: World Coffee Research dates Dutch shipments of seed from the Malabar coast of India to Batavia to 1696 and 169922; an exhibition timeline of Indonesia’s National Museum gives 1696 for an order to the Dutch East India Company’s commander in Malabar to plant coffee in Java and 1699 for seeds planted around Batavia23; the Gayo product specification names 1696 and 1699.14 None of the three cites a record. A 2024 genomic study says only that the Dutch began cultivating arabica in South-East Asia about a century after seeds reached India around 1600.21 No primary colonial record was consulted.
Share or cite this entry

Sources

  1. AUSDA Foreign Agricultural Service (2026). Coffee: World Markets and Trade (July 2026). United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service.Quoted passage: data; USDA FAS PSD tables, Indonesia, marketing years 2021/22–2026/27 (April–March); July 2026 edition.
  2. AFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); processed by Our World in Data (2026). Coffee bean production (FAOSTAT, Crops and livestock products, item Coffee, green). FAO via Our World in Data.Quoted passage: data; FAOSTAT green coffee production, Indonesia, calendar years 1961–2024.
  3. AFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2026). FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products (item “Coffee, green”, element “Production”, 2024). FAO, licence CC BY 4.0.Quoted passage: data; FAOSTAT 2024 extract, 78 countries and territories.
  4. AFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); processed by Our World in Data (2026). Coffee bean yields; Coffee bean production (FAOSTAT, Crops and livestock products, item Coffee, green). FAO via Our World in Data.Quoted passage: data; FAOSTAT green coffee yield, Indonesia, 1961–2024.
  5. ARahmanulloh, A. (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Jakarta) (2025). Indonesia: Coffee Annual (ID2025-0021). USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, GAIN report.Quoted passage: data; USDA Jakarta post estimates and descriptions for 2024/25–2025/26; not official USDA figures.
  6. AManurung, M. (text); Subehi, M.; Wahyuningsih, S. (editors); Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian (2025). Analisis Kinerja Perdagangan Komoditas Kopi (Volume 15 Nomor 2E). Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian, Sekretariat Jenderal, Kementerian Pertanian (ISSN 2086-4949).Quoted passage: data; Ministry of Agriculture data centre, Ditjenbun production by province 2021–2025 (2024 preliminary), exports 2024.
  7. APusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian (2022). Outlook Kopi 2022: Komoditas Pertanian Subsektor Perkebunan. Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian, Sekretariat Jenderal, Kementerian Pertanian (ISSN 1907-1507).Quoted passage: data; Ministry of Agriculture outlook; species shares 2013–2022, province shares 2018–2022 averages, area shares 2021.
  8. ADirektorat Jenderal Perkebunan (2019). Statistik Perkebunan Indonesia Komoditas Kopi 2018–2020 (Tree Crop Estate Statistics of Indonesia: Coffee). Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian (Ministry of Agriculture repository).Quoted passage: data; Ditjenbun area and production by status 2018–2020 (2019 preliminary, 2020 estimate); smallholder species tables by island group, 2020.
  9. ADirektorat Jenderal Perkebunan (2017). Statistik Perkebunan Indonesia Komoditas Kopi 2016–2018 (Tree Crop Estate Statistics of Indonesia: Coffee). Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian (Ministry of Agriculture repository).Quoted passage: data; Ditjenbun area and production for 34 provinces, 2018, all estimates.
  10. ABadan Pusat Statistik (BPS-Statistics Indonesia) (2024). Statistik Kopi Indonesia 2023 (Indonesian Coffee Statistics 2023). BPS-Statistics Indonesia, catalogue 5504006, ISSN 2714-8505.Quoted passage: a description; Publication page and abstract only: content and data sources of the BPS coffee statistics.
  11. AIsmayadi, C.; Marsh, A.; Clarke, R. (2005). Influence of Storage of Wet Arabica Parchment Prior to Wet Hulling on Moulds Development, Ochratoxin A Contamination, and Cup Quality of Mandheling Coffee. Pelita Perkebunan (Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 21(2). doi:10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v21i2.20 · other copiesQuoted passage: the authors’ own result; Storage trial of wet parchment, Mandheling arabica, North Sumatra smallholders and collectors; abstract.
  12. AMarsh, A. Storage of wet Arabica parchment prior to wet hulling including the storage of dry green bean coffee (Project GCP/INT/743/CFC, Annex E.6). FAO.Quoted passage: a description; FAO project report, 2004/05 North Sumatran trial; hulling moisture for the modified huller and for local practice.
  13. BAbubakar, Y.; Karim, A.; Fahlufi, F. (2011). Flavor of arabica coffee grown in Gayo Plateau as affected by varieties and processing techniques. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference, Syiah Kuala University 1(1), 70–75.Quoted passage: the authors’ own result; Gayo highlands trial of varieties and wet versus dry hulling; organoleptic comparison, no peer review stated.
  14. A/BApplicant group for Kopi Arabika Gayo; published by the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Kopi Arabika Gayo (product specification, UK geographical indication). GOV.UK.Quoted passage: a recommendation; Registered UK GI specification for Kopi Arabika Gayo (Aceh Tengah, Bener Meriah, Gayo Lues); history section is narrative.
  15. AEuropean Commission (2017). Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/870 of 15 May 2017 entering a name in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications (Kopi Arabika Gayo (PGI)). Official Journal of the European Union; text read on legislation.gov.uk.Quoted passage: a definition; EU registration of Kopi Arabika Gayo as PGI, class 1.8.
  16. AEuropean Commission (2026). Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) 2026/2336 de la Comisión de 14 de octubre de 2026 («Flores Bajawa» (IGP)). Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea, Spanish edition (copy at boe.es).Quoted passage: a definition; EU registration of Flores Bajawa as PGI.
  17. AEuropean Commission (2026). Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) 2026/2339 de la Comisión de 14 de octubre de 2026 («Kopi Arabika Flores Manggarai» (IGP)). Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea, Spanish edition (copy at boe.es).Quoted passage: a definition; EU registration of Kopi Arabika Flores Manggarai as PGI.
  18. APemerintah Kabupaten Ngada (2016). Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Ngada Nomor 6 Tahun 2016 tentang Perlindungan Kopi Arabika Flores Bajawa sebagai Kopi Spesialti. Database Peraturan, Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK RI).Quoted passage: a recommendation; Ngada regency regulation on Kopi Arabika Flores Bajawa: GI area (three districts, at least 900 m), varieties, processing.
  19. ASiregar, H. (Director of Trademark and Geographical Indications, Directorate General of Intellectual Property) (2025). Geographical Indications in Indonesia (seminar presentation, SCOPE IPR). Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DGIP), Ministry of Law, Indonesia; hosted by the EU SCOPE IPR project.Quoted passage: a description; Presentation by the DGIP director for trademarks and GIs on the Indonesian GI register.
  20. BNot named (2017). Geographical Indication in Indonesia (presentation, WIPO meeting document wipo_geo_yty_17_21). World Intellectual Property Organization (meeting document).Quoted passage: a description; WIPO meeting presentation on GIs in Indonesia, no author named.
  21. ASalojärvi, J.; Rambani, A.; Yu, Z.; Guyot, R.; et al. (2024). The genome and population genomics of allopolyploid Coffea arabica reveal the diversification history of modern coffee cultivars. Nature Genetics 56(4), 721–731. doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01695-w · other copiesQuoted passage: a result cited from earlier work; Introduction background on the history of arabica cultivars; no reference for the sentences used.
  22. BWorld Coffee Research History of Arabica. World Coffee Research.Quoted passage: a description; WCR history narrative of arabica; no sources given for the dates.
  23. BMuseum Nasional Indonesia (2022). Timeline of Milestone (coffee exhibition panel text). Museum Nasional Indonesia.Quoted passage: a description; National Museum exhibition timeline, no authors or sources.
  24. BBreman, J. (2015). Mobilizing Labour for the Global Coffee Market: Profits from an Unfree Work Regime in Colonial Java. Amsterdam University Press (Social Histories of Work in Asia). doi:10.26530/OAPEN_597440 · other copiesQuoted passage: a description; Abstract of a monograph on coffee and forced labour in colonial Java (Priangan).
  25. AFaronny, D. I.; Rahma, M. J.; Pradhana, A.; Nurrofik, A.; Sunarharum, W. B.; Hakim, L.; Soemarno; Nillian, E.; Mahatmanto, T. (2026). Phenotypic Variability of Liberoid Coffee (C. liberica and C. dewevrei) Across Sumatera and Javanese Landscapes: Foundational Insights for Coffee-based Agroforestry. Tropical Life Sciences Research (early view, 26 August 2026).Quoted passage: a result cited from earlier work; Introduction and discussion of a phenotypic study of liberoid coffee in Sumatra and Java; history cited from Burgers 2010 and Cramer 1957.
  26. ADavis, A. P.; Kiwuka, C.; Faruk, A.; Mulumba, J.; Kalema, J. (2023). A review of the indigenous coffee resources of Uganda and their potential for coffee sector sustainability and development. Frontiers in Plant Science 13, 1057317. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1057317 · other copiesQuoted passage: a result cited from earlier work; Review on Ugandan coffee resources; global and Indonesian history cited from McCook, Davis and Cramer 1957.
  27. AVi, T.; Le, T. N.; Cubry, P.; Phan, V. H.; Dinh, T. T. O.; Tran, T. B. N.; Nguyen, V. T.; Millet, C. P.; Kambale, J.-L.; Manzan Karine, G. K.; Musoli, P.; Sumirat, U.; Mahinga, J. C.; Stoffelen, P.; Zhang, D.; Marraccini, P.; Vigouroux, Y.; Khong, N. G.; Poncet, V. (2025). Out of Africa: the genomic footprints of Vietnamese Robusta coffee. PLOS One 20(5), e0324988. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324988 · other copiesQuoted passage: a result cited from earlier work; Genomic study of Vietnamese robusta; Java history cited from Cramer 1957, Coste 1955, Verleysen 2023; Lampung sentence unreferenced.
  28. AFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, AGRIS Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) (AGRIS data provider). FAO AGRIS.Quoted passage: a description; FAO AGRIS data-provider page on ICCRI.
  29. ARamadiana, S.; Hapsoro, D.; Yusnita, Y. (2018). Morphological variation among fifteen superior robusta coffee clones in Lampung Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19(4), 1475–1481. doi:10.13057/biodiv/d190438 · other copiesQuoted passage: the authors’ own result; Morphological comparison of 15 robusta clones (4 ICCRI, 11 farmer-selected), Lampung; abstract.
  30. ALachenmeier, D. W.; Schwarz, S. (2021). Digested Civet Coffee Beans (Kopi Luwak): An Unfortunate Trend in Specialty Coffee Caused by Mislabeling of Coffea liberica?. Foods 10(6), 1329. doi:10.3390/foods10061329 · other copiesQuoted passage: a hypothesis; Commentary on kopi luwak chemistry; liberica preference of wild civets proposed as an explanation.
  31. ASchroth, G.; Läderach, P.; Blackburn Cuero, D. S.; Neilson, J.; Bunn, C. (2015). Winner or loser of climate change? A modeling study of current and future climatic suitability of Arabica coffee in Indonesia. Regional Environmental Change 15, 1473–1482. doi:10.1007/s10113-014-0713-x · other copiesQuoted passage: the authors’ own result; Climate suitability model for arabica, six Indonesian production zones, horizon 2050.
  32. AOvalle-Rivera, O.; Läderach, P.; Bunn, C.; Obersteiner, M.; Schroth, G. (2015). Projected Shifts in Coffea arabica Suitability among Major Global Producing Regions Due to Climate Change. PLOS One 10(4), e0124155. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124155 · other copiesQuoted passage: the authors’ own result; Global climate suitability model for arabica; Indonesia and the Pacific islands, 2050s.

Tier A · authoritative · B · trade and expert · C · general. Supporting quotes for every source are in the data version of this entry. If a publisher’s site refuses access, try the doi link or “other copies”.

The literature for this entry was last searched on 2 Nov 2026. A statement that no source consulted for this entry shows something refers to the sources above; newer or missing work may exist.

Suggest a change

On Indonesia. Tell us what you would change and why. A source that supports it helps most.